影響股市的經濟指標(5)-通貨膨脹 (ZT)

  通貨膨脹(Inflation)

  定義: 在一定時期物價水準全面持續上漲的現象及其過程。

  要件:

  1.不是指個別物品或勞務價格的上漲,而是指全部物品及勞務的加權平均價格的上漲。通常由消費者物價指數、生產者物價 指數及國民生產毛額的平均指數來觀察其變化。

  2.不是指漲一次即停的物價上漲,而是指在某一期間連續上漲的現象。如果物價在這個月上漲,下個月卻下跌,不能稱為通貨膨脹。

  型態:

  1.需求拉動型通貨膨脹:是因為社會上的總需求,超過社會上所能產生的總供給所造成的。

  2.成本推動型通貨膨脹:指工會要求過高的工資、石油輸出組織故意拉抬油價等,因為成本面因素所導致 的一般物價水準以相當的幅度持續上漲的現象。

  3.資產性通貨膨脹:系指股票、房地產、藝術品等資產價格出現悖離基本面的膨脹現象(通稱‘泡沫’現象)。

  4.停滯性膨脹(stagflation):高失業及高物價並存的現象。因為在高通貨膨脹率時期政府的過度幹預,導致價格體系無法發揮功能,從而勞動市場缺乏效率,更使自然失業率攀升。

  5.惡性通貨膨脹(hyper-inflation):指物價水準以極高速度上漲的現象。

  6.進口性通貨膨脹與出口性通貨膨脹。 7.純粹通貨膨脹與非純粹通貨膨脹。

  影響:

  1.所得及財富的重分配

  2.資源分派的扭曲

  3.經濟成長的受阻

  4.經濟穩定的沖擊

  5.社會及政治上的不安定

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