人生哲理098

人生哲理098(ZT)




  
  所谓失败,其实就是自己的一种感觉,是在通往目标的过程中,由于自己的行动多次受阻而产生的绝望感,是自己在自己心中滋养起来的障碍。如果我们在挫折之后对自己的能力或“命运”发生了怀疑,产生了失败情绪,想放弃努力,那么我们就已经失败了。

狗和心理学实验

  有这样一个著名的心理学实验,在这个实验中,有一批狗在一个很简单的任务上都失败了。

  实验中,有一个很大的笼子,底是铁做的。笼子中间有一个铁栅栏,把笼子分为两半。把狗放进笼子的一边,在笼子底上通电,狗就受到电击,感觉到尖锐急剧的刺痛。一些狗受到电击后,会很快地跳到笼子的另外一边去,从而躲避了电击。在另一边受到电击时,这些狗又会很轻松地跳回来,到没有通电的一边去。这个任务是很简单的,随着通电的部位变化时,狗就在这个箱子中间跳来跳去,穿梭跳动以躲避电击。因此这个箱子也被形象地称为“穿梭箱”。但是,有另外一批同样的狗,它们在穿梭箱中受到电击时,不做任何跳跃和挣扎的动作,只会浑身发抖,低声哀鸣,一幅失败的可怜样。为什么这些狗会表现出这种任人宰割的惨相呢?原来,心理学家在把这些狗装进穿梭箱前,对它们进行了如下的操作:把这些狗拴在一个铁柱子上,时不时地用电刺激他们,狗受到电击后会挣扎、跳跃、咆哮,但是无论它们挣扎,都摆脱不了电击的折磨,经过几天数十次的电击和无效的挣扎后,这些狗都放弃了努力,在受到电击时,只是趴在地上,瑟瑟发抖,低声哀鸣,再也不挣扎了。这时,再把这些狗放进穿梭箱中,对这种轻轻一跃就能摆脱的电击刺痛,它们也认了。这些失败的狗,挣不脱柱子,不进一步“调查研究”,就以为跳不过栅栏,犯了“逻辑错误”。 


 

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