子路篇第十三
【原文】
13·1 子路问政。子曰：“先之劳之(1)。”请益(2)。曰：“无倦(3)。”
【注释】
(1)先之劳之：先，引导，先导，即教化。之，指老百姓。
(2)益：请求增加。
(3)无倦：不厌倦，不松懈。
【白话】
子路问怎么理政。孔子说：“身先士卒，激励他人勤奋。”子路请多讲一点。孔子说：“不要懈怠。”
【英译】
Ztu Lu asked the way to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Go ahead of your men and encourage others to be diligent." Ztu Lu asked his master to say more. Confucius said: “Don’t be slacking.”
【原文】
13·2 仲弓为季氏宰(1)，问政。子曰：“先有司(2)，赦小过，举贤才。”曰：“焉知贤才而举之？”曰：“举尔所知。尔所不知，人其舍诸？”
【注释】
(1)宰：总管。
(2)有司：古代负责具体事务的官吏。
【白话】
仲弓当了季氏的总管，问如何管理政事。孔子说：“使下属各司其职，宽容小错，提拔贤才。”仲弓问：“怎知谁是贤才而提拔？”孔子说：“提拔你所知道的，你不知道的，难道别人还会埋没他？”
【英译】
As a manager of Ji, Zhong Gong asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Let each subordinate of yours take charge of his own job, bear with miner faults and promote talents.” Zhong Gong asked: “How to know who is a real talent?” Confucius said: “Promote whoever you know. As to the talents you don’t know, surely it doesn’t mean that they will be stifled.”
【原文】
13·3 子路曰：“卫君(1)待子为政，子将奚(2)先？”子曰：“必也正名(3)乎！”子路曰：“有是哉，子之迂(4)也！奚其正？”子曰：“野哉，由也！君子于其所不知，盖阙(5)如也。名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成，事不成则礼乐(6)不兴，礼乐不兴则刑罚不中(7)，刑罚不中，则民无所措手足。故君子名之必可言也，言之必可行也。君子于其言，无所苟(8)而已矣。”
【注释】
(1)卫君：卫出公，名辄，卫灵公之孙。其父蒯聩被卫灵公驱逐出国，卫灵公死后，蒯辄继位。其父蒯聩不服，要回国与儿子争夺君位，遭到蒯辄拒绝。这里，孔子对此事提出了自己的看法。
(2)奚：读“西”，什么。
(3)正名：正名分。
(4)迂：迂腐。
(5)阙：音义皆同“缺”，此处实为“阙疑”，即存疑，把疑难问题暂时保留。
(6)礼乐：法律。
(7)中：读“众”，得当。
(8)苟：苟且，马马虎虎。
【白话】
子路对孔子说：“如果卫国君主等着您去协助执行，您将从哪里着手呢？”孔子说：“一定先纠正名分呀！”子路说：“是吗？您未免太迂腐了，纠正名分有什么用？”孔子说：“你太浅薄了！君子对于不懂的事，一般都保留意见。名分不正当，说话就不合理；说话不合理，事情就办不成。事情办不成，法律就不能深入人心；法律不能深入人心，刑罚就不会公正；刑罚不公正，百姓就不知如何是好。因此君子做事必须说得通、说话必须行得通。君子说话，绝不能马虎。”
【英译】
Ztu Lu aske Confucius: “If the lord of the country Wei is waiting for you to help him manage political affairs, what will you set about?” Confucius said: “I’ll make everything fully justified first.” Ztu Lu said: “Is it? I think you’re a bit too pedantic. What’s the use to make things full justified first?” Confucius said: “But your idea is rather superficial. General speaking, as for what they don’t understand, gentlemen usually reserve their views. If you don’t make things fully justified first, what you say will be unreasonable. If so, you’ll accomplish nothing. If so, you’ll be unable to make laws take root in the heart of the people. If so, penalty will be unfair. And if so, the people won’t know what to do. So, whatever they do, gentlemen must make them reasonable. And whatever they say, they make them workable. When speaking, gentlemen mustn’t be careless.”
【原文】
13·4 樊迟请学稼。子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃(1)。曰：“吾不如老圃。”樊迟出。子曰：“小人(2)哉，樊须也！上（3）好礼，则民莫敢不敬，上好义，则民莫敢不服；上好信，则民莫敢不用情(4)。夫如是，则四方之民襁(5)负其子而至矣，焉用稼？”
【注释】
(1)圃：园地，此处是菜地，引申为种菜。
(2)小人：此处并非指品质恶劣的卑鄙之徒，而是指目光短浅的人。
(3)上：上流，上层人物。即领导人。
(4)用情：情，情实。以真情对待。
(5)襁：读“抢”，背婴孩的背带。
【白话】
樊迟向孔子请教如何种庄稼。孔子说：“我不如老农。”樊迟又请教如何种菜。孔子说：“我不如菜农。”樊迟退出以后，孔子说：“樊迟真是鼠目寸光。领导人只要遵纪守法，老百姓就不敢不敬畏；领导人只要重视义，老百姓就不敢不服从；领导人只要重视信，老百姓就不敢不用真情来对待你。要是做到这样，四面八方的百姓就会扶老携幼来投奔，哪里用得着自己去做农活呢？“
【英译】
Fan Chi asked Confucius how to grow crops. Confucius said: “I’m not so good as farmers.” Fan Chi asked how to grown vegetable. Confucius said: “I’m inferior to gardeners.” Fan Chi left and Confucius said: “Fan Chi is really as short-sighted as mice. So long as the leaders observe law and discipline, the people won’t dare not to stand in awe of them. So long as the leaders stand for justice, the people won’t dare not to follow you. So long as the leaders pay much attention to honesty, people won’t dare not to treat you wholeheartedly. If so, the people will come to you from far and near supporting the old and carrying the young. What’s the need for them to till land?”
【原文】
13·5 子曰：“诵诗三百，授之以政，不达(1)；使于四方，不能专对(2)。虽多，亦奚以(3)为？”
【注释】
(1)达：通达。这里是会运用的意思。
(2)专对：独立对答。
(3)以：用。
【译文】
孔子说：“把《诗》三百篇背得很熟，让他处理政务，却不会办；让他公关，又不能独立完成任务；即便背得再多，又有什么用呢？”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If someone is asked to manage government affairs but he cannot do it, if he is asked to deal with social activity but he cannot accomplish the task alone, then what’s the use even if he can skillfully recite the 300 poems of 《The Book of Odes》?”
【原文】
13·6 子曰：“其身正，不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从。”
【白话】
孔子说：“自身正了，即使不发布命令，老百姓也会去干，自身不正，即使发布命令，老百姓也不会服从。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “So long as the leaders behave well, the people will follow you even if no orders are issued.
Otherwise, the people won’t follow you even if orders are given.”
【原文】
13·7 子曰：“鲁卫之政，兄弟也。”
【注释】
鲁国是周公旦的封地，卫国是康叔的封地，周公旦和康叔是兄弟，当时两国的政治情况有些相似。所以孔子说，鲁国的国事和卫国的国事，就像兄弟一样。
【白话】
孔子说：“鲁和卫两国的政事，就像兄弟之间的政事一样。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “The government affairs between the two states of Lu and Wei are just like that between brothers.”
【原文】
13·8 子谓卫公子荆(1)：“善居室(2)。始有，曰：‘苟(3)合(4)矣’。少有，曰：‘苟完矣。’富有，曰：‘苟美矣。’”
【注释】
(1)卫公子荆：卫国大夫，字南楚，卫献公的儿子。
(2)善居室：善于居家过日子。
(3)苟：差不多。
(4)合：足够。
【白话】
孔子谈到卫国的公子荆时说：“他善于家庭理财。刚开始有一点，他说：‘差不多也就够了。’稍为多一点时，他说：‘差不多就算钱多了。’更多一点时，他说：‘差不多算是完美了’。”
【英译】
Talking about Jing, prince of the country Wei, Confucius said: “He’s good at managing family money matters. When there is a little bit of money at the beginning, he would say: ‘That’s enough.’ When there is a little bit more, he would say: ‘There is more money.’ When there is much money, he would say: ‘It’s nearly perfect.’”
【原文】
13·9 子适卫，冉有仆(1)。子曰：“庶矣哉！”冉有曰：“既庶(2)矣，又何加焉？”曰：“富之。”曰：“既富矣，又何加焉？”曰：“教之。”
【注释】
(1)仆：驾车。
(2)庶：众多，这里指人口众多。
【白话】
孔子前往卫国，冉有驾车。孔子说：“人真多呀！”冉有说：“人口够多了，还做什么？”孔子说：“使他们富起来。”冉有说：“富了还做什么？”孔子说：“使他们受教育。”
【英译】
Confucius went to the country Wei. Ran you drove the cart for him. Confucius said: “There are so many people!” Ran You said: “This country has enough people. What else has to be done?” Confucius said: “Make them rich.” Ran You said: “What else has to be done after getting rich?” Confucius said: “Make them educated.”
【原文】
13·10 子曰：“苟有用我者，期月(1)而已可也，三年有成。”
【注释】
(1)期月：一周年。期，读“鸡”。
【白话】
孔子说：“如果有人启用我，一年初见成效，三年大见成效。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If someone starts using me, initial success will be won and a marked effect will be won.”
【原文】
13·11 子曰：“善人为邦百年，亦可以胜残去杀矣。诚哉是言也！”
【白话】
孔子说：“能人治理国家，经过一百年，也就可以战胜残暴，免除杀戮了。这话真对呀！”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If a country is administered by capable men, it’ll spend a hundred years to surmount brutality and avoid killing. What wonderful remarks!”
【原文】
13·12 子曰：“如有王者，必世(1)而后仁。”
【注释】
(1)世：三十年。
【白话】
孔子说：“即便有王者出现，也一定要三十年才能实现仁政。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Thirty years are needed to realize administration by policy of benevolence even if a king turns up.”
【原文】
13·13 子曰：“苟正其身矣，于从政乎何有？不能正其身，如正人何？”
【白话】
孔子说：“如果端正了自身行为，管理政事还有什么困难呢？如果不能端正自身行为，怎能使别人端正呢？”
【英译】
Confucius said: “What sorts of difficulties will crop up if you behave well? How can you ask others to behave well if you cannot set right your behavior?”
【原文】
13·14 冉子退朝。子曰：“何晏也？”对曰：“有政。”子曰：“其事也？如有政，虽不吾以，吾其与闻之。”
【白话】
冉求退朝回来，孔子说：“为什么回来这么晚呀？”冉求说：“有政事。”孔子说：“是私事吧？如果是公事，虽然国君不再任用我，那我也会知道的。”
【英译】
Ran Ztu came back from the court. Confucius said: “Why are you so late?” Ran Qiu said: “We had government affairs to manage.” Confucius said: “I think they must be personal affairs. If they are government affairs, I’ll know even if the lord has no longer assigned me to any posts.”
【原文】
13·15 定公问：“一言而可以兴邦，有诸？”孔子对曰：“言不可以若是其几(1)也。人之言曰：‘为君难，为臣不易。’如知为君之难也，不几乎一言而兴邦乎？”曰：“一言而丧邦，有诸？”孔子对曰：“言不可以若是其几也。人之言曰：‘予无乐乎为君，唯其言而莫予违也。’如其善而莫之违也，不亦善乎？如不善而莫之违也，不几乎一言而丧邦乎？”
【注释】
(1)几：读“基”，接近，差不多。下文中的“几乎”，就是“锦湖”或“差不多”的意思。
【白话】
鲁定公问：“一句话可以使国家兴旺，有这样的话吗？”孔子答：“虽然不可以这样说，但也有意思差不多的话。有人说：‘做君难，做臣不易。’如果知道做君难了，不就近似一句话可以使国家兴旺吗？”说：“一句话可以使国家灭亡，有这样的话吗？”孔子答：“虽然不可以这样说，但也有意思差不多的话。有的君主说：‘我的乐趣不在于做君主，而在于没人敢违抗我说的话。’如果他们的话正确，那很好；如果他们的话不对却没人敢反抗，这不近似一句话可以亡国吗？”
【英译】
Mr. Ding, the lord of the country Lu, asked: “Only one single word can make a country flourishing. Are there any words like this?” Confucius said: “Although we cannot say this way, yet there are similar words. People say: ‘It’s hard to be a lord and it’s not easy to be a courtier.’ If the lord knows the difficulty to be a lord, isn’t it similar to the words - Only one single word can make a country flourishing?” Mr. Ding said: “Only one single word can make a country destroyed. Are there any words like this?” Confucius said: “Although we cannot say this way, yet there are similar words. Some lords say: ‘My pleasure doesn’t lie in being a lord but lie in that no one dare disobey my words.’ If their words are correct, it’s not so bad. Yet, if their words are wrong but no one dare resist, isn’t similar to the words - Only one single word can make a country destroyed?”
【原文】
13·16 叶公问政。子曰：“近者悦，远者来。”
【白话】
叶公问孔子怎样理政。孔子说：“使近处的人高兴，使远处的人来归顺。”
【英译】
Mr. Ye asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Make the people nearby happy and make the people far away come and give allegiance to you.”
【原文】
13·17 子夏为莒父(1)宰，问政。子曰：“无欲速，无见小利。欲速则不达，见小利则大事不成。”
【注释】
(1)莒父：莒，读“举”。鲁国一城邑，在今山东省莒县境内。
【白话】
子夏做莒父的总管，问孔子怎样理政。孔子说：“不要只求速度，不要贪图小利。只求速度，往往达不到目的；贪图小利，就做不成大事。”
【英译】
As a manager in Ju Fu, Ztu Xia asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Do not pursue speed only; do not seek small gains. If you pursue speed only, usually you cannot attain your objective. If you seek small gains, then you cannot do great things.”
【原文】
13·18 叶公语孔子曰：“吾党(1)有直躬者(2)，其父攘 (3) 羊，而子证(4)之。”孔子曰：“吾党之直者异于是：父为子隐，子为父隐，直在其中矣。”
【注释】
(1)党：乡党，古代以五百户为一党。
(2)直躬者：正直的人。
(3)攘：偷。
(4)证：告发。
【白话】
叶公对孔子说：“我老家有个正直的人，他老爹偷人家羊，他就把老爹告发了。”孔子说：“我老家正直的人和你讲的不一样：老爹为儿子隐瞒，儿子也为老爹隐瞒。正直的奥秘就在这里。”
【英译】
Mr. Ye said to Confucius: “There is an honest man in my hometown. His father stole a goat and he informed against his father.” Confucius said: “The honest men in my hometown are different to the ones in your hometown. Fathers conceal sons’ mistakes and vice versa. The secrets of honesty are right here.”
【原文】
13·19 樊迟问仁。子曰：“居处恭，执事敬，与人忠。虽之夷狄，不可弃也。”
【译文】
樊迟问怎样才是仁。孔子说：“在家规规矩矩，在外办事认真，待人诚恳。即使到了外国，也不可背弃这些原则。”
【英译】
Fan Chi asked about humanity. Confucius said: “Behave yourself properly at home and outside do things carefully and treat people honestly. You mustn’t abandon these principles even you go abroad.”
【原文】
13·20 子贡问曰：“何如斯可谓之士矣？”子曰：“行已有耻，使于四方，不辱君命，可谓士矣。”曰：“敢问其次。”曰：“宗族称孝焉，乡党称弟焉。” 曰“敢问其次。”曰：“言必信，行必果(1)，硁硁(4)然小人哉！抑亦可以为次矣。”曰：“今之从政者何如？”子曰：“噫！斗筲之人(3)，何足算也？”
【注释】
(1)果：果断、坚决。
(2)硁硁：读“坑”，象声词，敲击石头的声音。这里引申为像石块那样坚硬。
(3)斗筲之人：筲，读“烧”，竹器，容一斗二升。比喻器量狭小的人。
【白话】
子贡问：“怎样做才能算士呢？”孔子说：“做事时，要有羞耻之心；出国访问时，不辱使命。可算士了。”子贡问：“请问次一等的呢？”孔子说：“同宗族的人称赞他孝顺父母，同乡的人称赞他尊敬师长。”子贡问：“请问再次一等的呢？”孔子说：“说到做到，不问是非地固执己见，当然是小人！但也可以算最次的士了。”子贡问：“现在的官员怎样？”孔子说：“唉！这些器量狭小的人，哪里能数得上呢？”
【英译】
Ztu Gong asked: “How can I be a man of integrity?” Confucius said: “You should have a sense of shame when you do something. You should accomplish your mission when you go abroad for state visit. By doing this way, you can be a man of integrity.” Ztu Gong asked: “How about a man of second rank?” Confucius said: “Clansmen praise him for his filial devotion to his parents and respect for his teachers.” Ztu Gong asked: “How about the next rank?” Confucius said: “Put words into deeds. Stubbornly hold to one’s own opinion without asking right or wrong. They are naturally narrow-minded vulgarians. If they can be considered men of integrity, naturally they should be the last rank.” Zut Gong asked: “How about today’s officials? Confucius said: “Oh, these narrow-minded persons! How can they be considered men of integrity?”
【原文】
13·21 子曰：“不得中行(1)而与之，必也狂狷(2)乎！狂者进取，狷者有所不为也。”
【注释】
(1)中行：行为合乎中庸。
(2)狷：读“娟”，拘谨，有所不为。
【白话】
孔子说：“我找不到尊崇中庸之道的人和他交往，只能与狂者、狷者相交往了。狂者敢作敢为，狷者对有些事是不肯干的。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I cannot find and associate with persons who worship the doctrine of the mean. Therefore I have to associate with frantic persons and cowards. Frantic person dare to do, but cowards often shrink back. There are something they don’t want to do.”
【原文】
13·22 子曰：“南人有言曰：‘人而无恒，不可以作巫医(1)。’善夫！‘不恒 其德，或承之羞。’”(2)子曰：“不占(3)而已矣。”
【注释】
(1)巫医：以卜筮为人治病的医生。
(2)不恒其德，或承之羞：语出《易经·恒卦·爻辞》。
(3)占：占卜。
【白话】
孔子说：“南方人有句话：‘人无恒心，巫医也当不好。’说得好啊！易经上说：‘不能坚守德操，就会蒙受羞辱。’这句话是说，没恒心的人注定一事无成，即便求助于卜卦也无济于事。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “The southerners have a common saying: ‘Without being perseverant, no one can be a witch doctor.’ What a wonderful remark! But there’s a saying in 《Yi Books》: ‘Unable to keep standards of virtue, one will be subjected to humiliation.’ These words tell us that without being perseverant, one is doomed to get nowhere. It’s no use even if he resorts to fortune-telling.”
【原文】
13·23 子曰：“君子和(1)而不同(2)，小人同而不和。”
【注释】
(1)和：不同事物和谐配合。
(2)同：相同事物相加或与人相混同，叫做同。
【白话】
孔子说：“君子和睦相处而不同流合污，小人同流合污而不能和睦相处。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen live in harmony with others but don’t wallow in the mire with others. Yet vulgarians do exactly the opposite.”
【原文】
13·24 子贡问曰：“乡人皆好之，何如？”子曰：“未可也。”“乡人皆恶之，何如？”子曰：“未可也。不如乡人之善者好之，其不善者恶之。”
【白话】
子贡问：“一个人如果全乡人都喜欢，这个人怎么样？”孔子说：“这很难说不。”子贡又问孔子说：“一个人如果全乡人都厌恶，这个人怎么样？”孔子说：“这也很难说。最好的人就是全乡的好人都喜欢，全乡的坏人都厌恶。”
【英译】
Ztu Gong asked: “As for a person, if all people in the town love him, how about him?” Confucius said: “It’s hard to say.” Ztu Gong asked: “As far as a person is concerned, if all people in the town detest him, how about him?” Confucius said: “It’s hard to say. I think the best person is a one who is loved by all good people in the town and detested by all bad people in the town.”
【原文】
13·25 子曰：“君子易事(1)而难说(2)也。说之不以道，不说也；及其使人也，器之(3)。小人难事而易说也。说之虽不以道，说也；及其使人也，求备焉。”
【注释】
(1)易事：易于为人办事。
(2)难说：难于令人高兴。
(3)器之：量才而用。
【白话】
孔子说：“为君子做事容易，但使他高兴却很难。以邪门歪道讨好他，他是不高兴的；他用人时，总能量材而用。为小人做事难，但使他高兴很容易。以邪门歪道讨好他，他也高兴；他用人时，总是求全责备。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “It’s easy to manage affairs for gentlemen, but it’s hard to make them happy. If you want to make them happy in crooked ways, they cannot be happy. But they employ persons according to their ability. It’s hard to manage affairs for vulgarians, but it’s easy to make them happy. If you want to make them happy in crooked way, they can be happy. But when they employ persons, they demand perfection.”
【原文】
13·26 子曰：“君子泰而不骄，小人骄而不泰。”
【白话】
孔子说：“君子坦然而不傲慢，小人傲慢而不坦然。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are calm but not arrogant, yet vulgarians are arrogant but not calm.”
【原文】
13·27 子曰：“刚、毅、木、讷(1)近仁。”
【注释】
(1) 讷：说话简洁。
【白话】
孔子说：“刚强、果敢、朴实、寡言，这四种品德接近仁。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Resolution, braveness, honesty and taciturnity. These four fine qualities are near humanity.”
【原文】
13·28 子路问曰：“何如斯可谓之士矣？”子曰：“切切偲偲(1)，怡怡(2)如也，可谓士矣。朋友切切偲偲，兄弟怡怡。”
【注释】
(1)偲偲：读“四”，诚恳地勉励督促。
(2)怡怡：读“伊”，和气、亲切、顺从、快乐。
【白话】
子路问：“怎样才可称为士？”孔子说：“对人诚恳勉励，与人和睦相处，就可称为士。”
【英译】
Ztu Lu asked: “How to become a man of integrity?” Confucius said: “Honestly encourage others and live in amity with others. This sort of persons can be considered men of integrity.”
【原文】
13·29 子曰：“善人(1)教民七年，亦可以即戎(2)矣。”
【白话】
孔子说：“如果是能人，他教练百姓七年，也可以叫他们去从军了。”
【译注】
(1) 善人：好人。这里指善于做某事的人。即“能人”。
(2) 戎：军事，军队。即戎，从军。
【英译】
Confucius said: “So long as people are trained by a capable man, it only spends seven years that they can join the army.”
【原文】
13·30 子曰：“以不教民战，是谓弃之。”
【白话】
孔子说：“如果不训练百姓作战，这就意味着抛弃他们。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Not to train people to fight means to abandon them.”
