Gibson, D. G., Benders, G. A., et al. Complete Chemical Synthesis, Assembly, and Cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium Genome Science. 2008 Jan 24;
Lartigue, C., Glass, J. I., et al. Genome transplantation in bacteria: changing one species to another Science. 2007 Aug 03; 317(5838): 632-8.
Glass, J. I., Assad-Garcia, N., et al. Essential genes of a minimal bacterium PNAS USA. 2006 Jan 10; 103(2): 425-30.
Hutchison, C. A., 3rd, Smith, H. O., et al. Cell-free cloning using phi29 DNA polymerase PNAS USA. 2005 Nov 29; 102(48): 17332-6.
Smith, H. O., Hutchison, C. A., 3rd, et al. Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: phiX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides PNAS USA. 2003 Dec 23; 100(26): 15440-5.
Venter, J. C., Smith, H. O., et al. A new strategy for genome sequencing Nature. 1996 May 30; 381(6581): 364-6.
Fraser, C. M., Gocayne, J. D., et al. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium Science. 1995 Oct 20; 270(5235): 397-403.
Fleischmann, R. D., Adams, M. D., et al. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd Science. 1995 Jul 28; 269(5223): 496-512.
Fields, C., Adams, M. D., et al. How many genes in the human genome? Nature Genet. 1994 Jul 01; 7(3): 345-6.
I don't get it. Even if (a) there are 50,000 copies of each segment, (b) 1million segments, so long as each segment is long enough, then it's obvious the shotgun approach would work statistically. NIH's math needs some work?
I am very gland to read anther very good paper from润涛阎. Driving by the curiosity I checked the paper Smith HO published in Science and nature. My software provides an extra very useful information that is the time cited for each papers. Paper #9 published 0n 2001 had been cited most frequently, that is 4,746.
After check with 润涛阎’s article, I realized that 《科学》刊登出来了人类历史上第一个完成了生物基因组全部顺序解密的论文 should be before 1997. Is it the Paper #28 published 0n 1995, which was cited 3,098 so far.
Dr. 润涛阎, is there any comments about paper #9?
1. Title: Complete chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium genome
Author(s): Gibson DG, Benders GA, Andrews-Pfannkoch C, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 319 Issue: 5867 Pages: 1215-1220 Published: FEB 29 2008
Times Cited: 34
2.
Title: Genome transplantation in bacteria: Changing one species to another
Author(s): Lartigue C, Glass JI, Alperovich N, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 317 Issue: 5838 Pages: 632-638 Published: AUG 3 2007
Times Cited: 38
3.
Title: Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea
Author(s): Venter JC, Remington K, Heidelberg JF, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 304 Issue: 5667 Pages: 66-74 Published: APR 2 2004
Times Cited: 894
4.
Title: The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae
Author(s): Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 298 Issue: 5591 Pages: 129-+ Published: OCT 4 2002
Times Cited: 739
5.
Title: Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the model rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii
Author(s): Carlton JM, Angiuoli SV, Suh BB, et al.
Source: NATURE Volume: 419 Issue: 6906 Pages: 512-519 Published: OCT 3 2002
Times Cited: 318
6.
Title: Sequence of Plasmodium falciparum chromosomes 2, 10, 11 and 14
Author(s): Gardner MJ, Shallom SJ, Carlton JM, et al.
Source: NATURE Volume: 419 Issue: 6906 Pages: 531-534 Published: OCT 3 2002
Times Cited: 78
7.
Title: A comparison of whole-genome shotgun-derived mouse chromosome 16 and the human genome
Author(s): Mural RJ, Adams MD, Myers EW, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 296 Issue: 5573 Pages: 1661-1671 Published: MAY 31 2002
Times Cited: 178
8.
Title: Complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Author(s): Tettelin H, Nelson KE, Paulsen IT, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 293 Issue: 5529 Pages: 498-506 Published: JUL 20 2001
Times Cited: 477
9.
Title: The sequence of the human genome
Author(s): Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 291 Issue: 5507 Pages: 1304-+ Published: FEB 16 2001
Times Cited: 4,746
10.
Title: DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae
Author(s): Heidelberg JF, Eisen JA, Nelson WC, et al.
Source: NATURE Volume: 406 Issue: 6795 Pages: 477-483 Published: AUG 3 2000
Times Cited: 681
11.
Title: The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster
Author(s): Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 287 Issue: 5461 Pages: 2185-2195 Published: MAR 24 2000
Times Cited: 2,668
12.
Title: Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58
Author(s): Tettelin H, Saunders NJ, Heidelberg J, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 287 Issue: 5459 Pages: 1809-1815 Published: MAR 10 2000
Times Cited: 536
13.
Title: Global transposon mutagenesis and a minimal mycoplasma genome
Author(s): Hutchison CA, Peterson SN, Gill SR, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 286 Issue: 5447 Pages: 2165-2169 Published: DEC 10 1999
Times Cited: 358
14.
Title: Genome sequence of the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans R1
Author(s): White O, Eisen JA, Heidelberg JF, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 286 Issue: 5444 Pages: 1571-1577 Published: NOV 19 1999
Times Cited: 454
15.
Title: Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and Bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima
Author(s): Nelson KE, Clayton RA, Gill SR, et al.
Source: NATURE Volume: 399 Issue: 6734 Pages: 323-329 Published: MAY 27 1999
Times Cited: 720
16.
Title: Science over politics
Author(s): Lanza RP, Arrow KJ, Axelrod J, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 283 Issue: 5409 Pages: 1849-1850 Published: MAR 19 1999
Times Cited: 5
17.
Title: Chromosome 2 sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Author(s): Gardner MJ, Tettelin H, Carucci DJ, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 282 Issue: 5391 Pages: 1126-1132 Published: NOV 6 1998
Times Cited: 350
18.
Title: Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete
Author(s): Fraser CM, Norris SJ, Weinstock CM, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 281 Issue: 5375 Pages: 375-388 Published: JUL 17 1998
Times Cited: 504
19.
Title: The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus (vol 390, pg 364, 1997)
Author(s): Klenk HP, Clayton RA, Tomb JF, et al.
Source: NATURE Volume: 394 Issue: 6688 Pages: 101-101 Published: JUL 2 1998
Times Cited: 10
20.
Title: Shotgun sequencing of the human genome
Author(s): Venter JC, Adams MD, Sutton GG, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 280 Issue: 5369 Pages: 1540-1542 Published: JUN 5 1998
Times Cited: 165
21.
Title: Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi
Author(s): Fraser CM, Casjens S, Huang WM, et al.
Source: NATURE Volume: 390 Issue: 6660 Pages: 580-586 Published: DEC 11 1997
Times Cited: 968
22.
Title: The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus
Author(s): Klenk HP, Clayton RA, Tomb JF, et al.
Source: NATURE Volume: 390 Issue: 6658 Pages: 364-& Published: NOV 27 1997
Times Cited: 960
23.
Title: The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (vol 388, pg 539, 1997)
Author(s): Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, et al.
Source: NATURE Volume: 389 Issue: 6649 Pages: 412-412 Published: SEP 25 1997
Times Cited: 25
24.
Title: The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori
Author(s): Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, et al.
Source: NATURE Volume: 388 Issue: 6642 Pages: 539-547 Published: AUG 7 1997
Times Cited: 1,979
25.
Title: Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii
Author(s): Bult CJ, White O, Olsen GJ, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 273 Issue: 5278 Pages: 1058-1073 Published: AUG 23 1996
Times Cited: 1,823
26.
Title: A new strategy for genome sequencing
Author(s): Venter JC, Smith HO, Hood L
Source: NATURE Volume: 381 Issue: 6581 Pages: 364-366 Published: MAY 30 1996
Times Cited: 170
27.
Title: THE MINIMAL GENE COMPLEMENT OF MYCOPLASMA-GENITALIUM
Author(s): FRASER CM, GOCAYNE JD, WHITE O, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 270 Issue: 5235 Pages: 397-403 Published: OCT 20 1995
Times Cited: 1,462
28.
Title: WHOLE-GENOME RANDOM SEQUENCING AND ASSEMBLY OF HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE RD
Author(s): FLEISCHMANN RD, ADAMS MD, WHITE O, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 269 Issue: 5223 Pages: 496-512 Published: JUL 28 1995
Times Cited: 3,098
29.
Title: FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF DNA UPTAKE SIGNAL SEQUENCES IN THE HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE RD GENOME
Author(s): SMITH HO, TOMB JF, DOUGHERTY BA, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 269 Issue: 5223 Pages: 538-540 Published: JUL 28 1995
Times Cited: 119
30.
Title: PLEA TO THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
Author(s): BALTIMORE D, BERG P, BLOCH KE, et al.
Source: SCIENCE Volume: 216 Issue: 4550 Pages: 1046-1046 Published: 1982
Times Cited: 0
James Watson and Francis Collins wasted lots of taxpayer's money and time for human genome project. They said dirty words on Shotgun and thought Craig Venter and Ham Smith had stolen public sequence data. Shame.
FA&TA=FAT 发表评论于
In theory, with 3x coverage, one could recover 95% sequence by chance.
Coverage % Recovery
3x 95
4x 98
5x 99
谢谢楼主,SMITH 是那篇流感嗜血杆菌测序的作者,因为作者人数太多,PUBMED 隐藏了后半部分,我没看到,这个工作确实开创了鸟枪法随机测序的先河。不过参考文献的第二篇他的那篇Genome transplantation in bacteria: changing one species to another的工作争论很大,虽然碍于这些大牛在学界的影响很多人不敢公开质疑,但确实很多人对这个工作持怀疑态度。原因是这个试验没有一个好的对照。这个工作是用一个物种的完整的基因组A,当然是非常小的细菌支原体的基因组,去转化另一个物种B也是支原体,结果是A 完全转化了B从而B变成了A。问题是无法确认这个工作的真实性。如果转化真核细胞,我们可以根据线粒体的母系遗传,通过检测线粒体的基因来证明被转化的细胞,细菌没有线粒体,很难说得到的转化细胞是真实的,万一是不小心污染,或者是技术员偷懒接种了一个A菌进去了呢?很难说。毕竟转化用的是一个基因组,而感受态细胞只是一个很小的细菌--支原体细胞,而且没有一个对照。
Many overlapping reads for each segment of the original DNA are necessary to overcome the difficulties of shotgun sequencing in order to accurately assemble the sequence. For example, to complete sequencing the human Genome (contains more than 3.2 billion base pairs), most of the human genome was sequenced at 12X or greater coverage; that is, each base in the final sequence was present, on average, in 12 reads. Even so, current methods have failed to isolate or assemble reliable sequence for approximately 1% of the (euchromatic) human genome.
I think people at first hand belived he was lucky. now people think his idea is logic.
every new findings in science will pass three stages: first, people say it is not true;
then, people will say it is true but not important;
and finally, people will say it is true and important, but not new.
smith's theory is "not new" now, though it is true and important (in the last stage of the three stages)
thanks for your comments.
阿健 发表评论于
回复润涛阎的评论:
(I don't have access to Chinese software at this moment)
I meant, IN THEORY, could his experiment be repeated to produce the same result (of course in a similar time interval). We don't need to re-do it in the lab but only to do a "thought experiment". If it could be repeated, which means his math was VALID and his result was not by luck but logic.