“你自己从第一个把尿的贴到现在,口气可是变了不少。
第一个贴有不少误导,比如:"有人说,婴儿不能自己控制尿尿,因此把尿是毫无意义的。我记得我还专门问过我的美国儿医,人家直接挥挥手,说没有任何科学依据"
什么东西没有科学根据-"婴儿不能自己控制尿尿"还是"把尿是毫无意义的"?
"婴儿不能自己控制尿尿"是科学研究出的结论,在儿童发育领域都承认的。基本常识。如果你的儿医不承认,劝你为了孩子的安全,还是换个为好。
关于布尿布环保不环保,美国媒体上这方面的争论5-10 年前就不少,结论并非你所说的一边倒的布尿布好。你自己愿意信什么是你的自由,误导别人,让人觉得guilty就不好了。”
以上是Faramir对我之前帖子的一个回复,我想也许应该做一些更详细的补充才好。
首先,我的美国儿医是一名比较有经验的医生,这也是我的产科医生向我推荐的,她本人也还带着实习生。虽然有时候我们会有不同的意见,比如她很不高兴我在4 个月的时候就开始给宝宝喂蛋黄,认为这会增加宝宝的过敏危险,但是当她详细的问了宝宝的一切后,也就不再反对了。总之,我对这位儿医还是很满意的
婴儿不能自己控制尿尿并不能推出把尿是毫无意义这个结论,因为到现在为止,还没有任何的科学依据来证明。这也是我的医生让我忽略这个所谓的结论,同时还暗示这很有可能是尿布公司推出的信息。有意思的是,事后我们在网上搜索的时候,竟然看到了类似的评论,也说这样类似不提倡提早把尿的一些研究是diaper company sponsored。我在之前的文章里面并没有提到这个,因为我觉得这个并不在我要讨论的范围内,没有必要为了让大家认同把尿而去怀疑/否定纸尿布(公司)。所以我只说了我的医生对把尿的态度,毕竟,我不是儿医,也不愿意随便去做断言。
这两天我专门去查了一些关于婴儿potty training及其健康影响(主要是dysfunctional bladder, bladder control)的学术文献(没有查到太多,二十多篇,最近二十年的,大多数是九十年代的,最近的是08年的),遗憾的是,我也没有找到任何关于早期把尿会对婴儿泌尿系统有害的研究证明。
倒是不少文章都提到,尽早给婴儿potty training,可以减少dysfunctional bladder的发生,如果可能的话,18个月之前就要开始potty training了,因为这样可以帮助婴儿”develop bladder control”。 “Parents should begin potty-training their young child before the age of 18 months if possible. This will help the child develop bladder control at an early age and prevent the development of a dysfunctional bladder。(Influence of potty training habits on dysfunctional bladder in children,2008)。此外,还有一些研究是分析家庭环境,个人习惯以及训练方式对bladder control的影响的。结论也挺有意思,如果延迟训练,再加上训练方式不对的话,这也会“increase the risk of later problems with bladder control.” ( Results of a questionnaire evaluating the effects of different methods of toilet training on achieving bladder control, 2002)。此外,还有一些文献提到了西方国家在近60多年的时间里,婴儿的potty training时间明显推后,美国推后有一年。当然这是有很多因素影响的(比如纸尿裤的广泛应用,人们对potty training的观念变化等等)。研究也发现,这种变化也可能是“the cause of an increase in lower urinary tract dysfunction(下泌尿道功能障碍)” “To start bladder training when the child stays dry during the afternoon nap and using bladder drill might help to avoid permanent bladder dysfunction. The lack of formal bladder training may be responsible for an increase in lower urinary tract dysfunction.”(Changes in the toilet training of children during the last 60 years: the cause of an increase in lower urinary tract dysfunction?, 2000)
我读到的绝大多数学术文献,都是关于potty training的,也就是说,这些婴儿大多数都是toddler(12个月到3岁的年龄),并不是我之前提到的Elimination Communication,EC,早期婴儿把尿。我只找到了两篇学术文章,一篇是1985年的,一篇是2004年的,但是他们的结论,却很相似,就是 EC可以帮助婴儿提早完成排尿/屎训练,并且没有发现副作用,肯定了EC的可行性。
“We evaluated a method for training infants to cue their mothers on the need to eliminate. The program consisted of three phases: Phase I was directed at establishing a dose temporal relationship between body signals (straining) and subsequent defecations on the potty; Phase II was designed to establish a relationship between prompted and unprompted potty reaching/grabbing responses and eliminations (defecations and urinations) on the potty; and Phase III served to establish unprompted potty reaching/grabbing responses as reliable precursors of eliminations. Four babies, between 3.1 and 6.6 months old, all completed the training before age 1 year, with no negative side effects.”(Shaping self-initiated toileting in infants, 1985)。
“In the Western world, independent toilet training usually starts at age 18 months or later. In Asia and Africa, assisted toilet training traditionally starts between one and three months and is completed within approximately one year. This article reports a male infant who started caregiver-assisted toilet training at age 33 days in a Western family setting. During the first days, the caregiver made observations of the infant’s bowel movement schedule and the cues he provided, from which she learned when to assist him to eliminate in the bathroom. During the elimination process, the infant was held in an ‘‘in-arms’’ position, with close contact between the infant’s back and the caregiver’s chest. Meanwhile, the caregiver gave vocal signals to prompt the infant to eliminate. Successful bowel training was completed at five months. This case report shows that early infant toilet training is possible in a Western family setting if the caregiver properly learns the infant’s natural elimination timing and signals.”(Assisted infant toilet training in a Western Family Setting, 2004)
婴儿的早期把尿方法,在我之前的帖子里已经写过了,这和我读到的文献里面提到的,没有太大的差别,最主要的就是,读懂婴儿的信号,同时在这个把尿过程中,婴儿也会学会给出信号。这种方式,更注重的是一种交流,一种规律的建立,并没有任何强迫因素在里面,这也就是为什么这种方法被称作 Elimination Communication了。
再次说明一下,把尿或不把尿,这只不过是两种不同的方法,没有所谓的对与错,好与坏,不管我们支持哪一种方法,并不等于要去反对另一种方法。
此外,关于纸尿裤,布尿布对环境影响的讨论,这正好和我在美国学的专业有些个关系,我会再开个新贴更详细的讲一下的。这里就先不说了