Hello， this story is on chemistry!

以下是俺儿子的涂鸦。不知道是不是暑假闲得发慌，小家伙自个儿开始自学化学，然后又编成了如下的“教材”，俺悄悄拿到这来，就算是为他的自学做个记录。所有一切都是他自己弄的，估计都是从书上抄的，不过我感兴趣的却是为什么他会对这玩意感兴趣?

Hello. This story is on chemistry. If you have no idea what I’m talking about, go to Part I, Getting Started. Otherwise, answer these questions.

1.The thing that makes up all matter. If you get this right, go to the next question. If not, go to Part I.

2.Chemical symbol for water. If you have no idea what that is, go to Part II. If you get this right, though, go to the next question.

3.CH4 means the compound _________. If you get this right, go to next question. If wrong, go to Part III.

4.What is organic chemistry? If right, next question. If wrong, go to Part IV.

5.COH4 means the compound ______________. If right, next question. If wrong, Part V is waiting.

6.What particle is the ozone made of? If right, Part VI. If wrong, Part V.

ANSWERS!!

1. Atoms
2. H2O
3. Methane
4. The study of carbon
5. Methanol
6. O3

   YAY!!! Good. Let’s go!

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   Part I

   Getting Started

   J J J J J J

   Hi. If you have no idea what you’re learning about, you’ve come to the right place.

   Atoms make the universe. Everything. Even us.

   There are many different types of atoms. These are called elements.

   For a long time, people believed water was an element. They were wrong! It is composed of hydrogen, the first element, and oxygen, the thing you breathe.

   So water is not an element- it is a compound.

   While the smallest thing that makes up an element is an atom, the smallest thing that makes up a compound is a molecule.

   Anyway, molecules all have a chemical symbol. That is like H2O for water. Atoms themselves, have chemical symbols. One uppercase, and as many lowercases there are.

   For example, ‘H’ is the chemical symbol for hydrogen, and ‘O’ for oxygen.

   Well, it’s going to get confusing soon. We can help that.

   There is a tool called the periodic table of elements. It stores tons and tons of information.

   There are the names of the elements, even unnamed ones, some information you don’t need to know yet like the atomic number, (What in the world is that?) the mass number, often atomic weight instead of mass number, and the symbol.(You remember, ‘O’, ‘H’.)

   The periodic table has groups and periods. A period goes left to right, while a group goes top to bottom. So each element has its own two numbers. Helium (He) is in the same period as hydrogen, but is in group 18. (Hydrogen, in fact, doesn’t have a group.)

   Now, the first atom you get to meet is oxygen. Not really unexpected. Oxygen has 8 protons in its nucleus. Protons have a positive charge-+- and the nucleus contains the protons. Electrons are much, much smaller (Wow, I didn’t know an atom could get any smaller!) than protons, and possess a negative charge, -. Oxygen also has 8 of these tiny midgets, because an atom is supposed to have a charge of nothing. + and – cancel each other out, so that makes sense.

   Neutrons

   Let’s meet hydrogen. One proton. That’s it. Usually there are no stupid neutrons in there, but there can be if the atom is ‘weird’.

   It has one electron to even out the proton.

   Now, most atoms need 8 electrons in their outer layer. That makes them happy.

   To do that, they must share atoms, give electrons, or go nuts.

   For example, hydrogen loves to bond to more hydrogen.

   H-H. That is another molecule, and H

   Water, as everyone knows, is H

   Now, those are the first two elements you should know about. You’re on your way! Feel free to head off to the next chapter.

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   are also found in the nucleus, and they have no charge at all. They have to be there, though, so they can keep the nucleus together. (the nucleus contains only protons, with a positive charge, so they would fly apart if it weren’t for the neutrons!)2 is the chemical symbol.2O. And the shape is like a bent stick, not a straight one. But you can’t type in 3-D, so H-O-H is probably going to be used.

   Part II

   For Beginners

   Hi again. You’re back, and I’m ready.

   First, we will meet helium, the second element.

   Helium has 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons. Look at the diagram. Yellow means electrons, green is protons, while blue is neutrons.

   Helium is the lightest element ever. It only has 1 electron cloud. That is where you will likely find electrons. Hydrogen also has 1 electron cloud, but for some weird reason, helium is smaller.

   Next is nitrogen, with 7 protons, ___ neutrons, and 7 electrons. An atom will always have the same amount of electrons compared to protons.

   　

   Nitrogen, in the picture above, seems to have two layers. Well, I didn’t make a mistake, because nitrogen in fact does have two layers!!! MOHAHAHA!!!

   Now, lithium only has 3 protons. It is an alkali metal.

   Alkali metals are very reactive. They are never found uncombined in nature.

   Since atoms just love to have 8 outer electrons (valence electrons), they form bonds. There are many ways this can happen.

   The basic two types are ionic and c_________.

   In ionic bonding, two elements react by one giving away an electron to get a full 8 (this element is therefore probably an alkali metal), getting a positive charge because it lost the electron which has a negative charge.

   Then the other receives it, therefore getting a negative charge. Therefore, the two elements pull themselves together (because of the opposing charges) and create a bond.

   In c_______ bonding, both elements are going berserk trying to get a full 8. For example two oxygen atoms are leaking around. They get together and share electrons. But this is not a regular bond; this is a double bond. There are triple bonds as well.

   In a regular bond, they share two electrons. In a double, they share four. And you get the idea.

   Well, sometimes, when different elements bond, they need different amounts of electrons. So that is why you need two hydrogen atoms in water while you only have one oxygen atom.

   That leads us to ‘hands’, which are actually bonds. – is a single bond, = is a double, and for triples, we don’t have a key for that, so --- is a triple.

   Now, like I said, different elements have different amounts of hands.

   You see those three elements down at the bottom? Those are all in the last group of the periodic table(Is it getting complicated yet?) and are called either noble gases or inert gases. They never react.

   Have you noticed that the ‘Valence electrons needed’ and ‘# of ‘Hands’’ columns always have matching numbers?

   That is because they need to have a full eight. And so they pull in as many atoms as they need to let electrons go or get more electrons.

   Well, you might say "Why doesn’t that make the charge change?"

   The answer to that question is: When they join, they have a few nucleuses(because they have a few atoms!) and it always evens out the electron charge.

   The charge of an atom is always 0. Occasionally, it is not, but only when in a compound (molecule). Then the charge of the molecule is 0.

   You can never lose or gain electrons-you can give away electrons, you can gain electrons, but you cannot destroy electrons.

   You will always have the same amount of electrons in the universe. But please don’t go around estimating that there are one trillion-trillion electrons (there are TONS of atoms everywhere! If you took a simple drop of water, squeezed it so that it was as thin as a molecule, it would be able to go around the world once! And that’s only molecules! Not even atoms! Not electrons!) in your house, or a billion-trillion-trillion in the library.

   Anyway, the next atom, beryllium, is a close relative of lithium. It is an alkali-earth metal. These are less reactive than alkali metals but more reactive than most elements.

   All atoms can hold two electrons in their first layer, 8 in the second, and 8 in the third as well. I wonder how uranium holds its 92 electrons.

   Anyway. That’s the end… It was much more complicated here than in the last chapter. (Go see what I mean.)

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   Name	# of ‘Hands’	Valence electrons/Valence electrons needed
   Carbon	4	4/+4
   Oxygen	2	6/+2
   Hydrogen	1	1/+1
   Nitrogen	3	5/+3
   Argon	0	8/0
   Neon	0	8/0
   Helium	0	8/0

   Part III

   Intermediate Line

   Now we will learn about the most common atom that you can think of-carbon. It has six protons.

   Carbon often bonds with hydrogen.

   Methane is produced in this way.

   Now carbon has a full octet, while each of the four hydrogen atoms has its two electrons.

   Valence electrons

   Now, like I said, neon is a noble gas, which means it has 8 valence electrons already.

   It doesn’t really react.

   Now helium, already studied, is in the same group.

   Well, argon, atomic number… I think 18, has three layers.

   It is also a noble gas.

   Now, h______ are very reactive. They go berserk looking for an electron.

   For example, fluorine gets an electron to get an electron structure of neon’s, which is very stable.

   QUIZ I

   Why do we have a simple quiz so late?

   MULTIPLE CHOICE

   1. What molecule is this?

   1. Methane
   2. H
   3. CH

   2. Which element has 10 electrons?

   1. Neon
   2. Carbon
   3. Oxygen
   4. Hydrogen
   5. Argon

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   3. How many hands does carbon have?

   1. 1
   2. 2
   3. 0
   4. 4
   5. 3

   TRUE OR FALSE

   Fill in circle CE only if sentence 1 describes sentence 2.

   4. Carbon bonds with other atoms

   BECAUSE

   It wants a full set of two valence electrons.

   ANSWERS

   1. D.
   2. A.
   3. D.
   4. T, F.
   It wants a full set of eight. Tip: When one of the sentences are false, do not fill in CE no matter what.

   Heh.

   Anyway, let’s end the chapter with a smile and a laugh. If you’re still going to keep going, we’ll be studying organic chemistry, the different properties of the periodic table, some new atoms, and some new molecules. You’ll have about three quizzes in there… wait for it!

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   　

   Check out the table. Four.This is a little harder. B is not right, it only has six. C has eight. Then D has one. Far off. E is the tricky one; it’s a noble gas too, but eight more than ten. How obvious is it? Water!
   are ‘outside electrons’. They are the only electrons that participate in bonding.2O4
7. Water
8. Carbon

Part IV

Expert’s Zone

Now we have a small organization system.

CAPS

The biggest organizing part. It contains big info.

Italics

This is a sub-subject. It contains smaller things.

Bold

Wow… it gets small. This is not so commonly used; it holds small things like theories and proofs.

Underline

This is barely used; it contains stuff like discoveries that relate to theories and small things like that.

NORMAL

When bold is in caps and says normal, that means return to ‘not in a group’ and regular learning sequence.

Anyway, the next atom is boron.

It has 5 protons.

THE PERIODIC TABLE

The periodic table contains the atomic number, (number of protons)

mass number,

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry

Like methane; that’s organic chemistry. It is also a hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are composed of only carbon and hydrogen.

Hydrocarbons

There are three main types of hydrocarbons; alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

Alkanes

These are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Methane is one of them.

Alkenes

is chemistry with carbon. All life contains carbon.(number of protons+neutrons)atomic weight, (average of all possible mass numbers (some say that there’s no single mass number(so they use the atomic weight)because of the different forms of the atom(isotopes; said at the very beginning as ‘weird atoms’) but there is as they write the most common mass number)) and the symbol of each element.

Name	# of carbon atoms	# of hydrogen atoms
Methane	1	4
Ethane	2	6
Propane	3	8
Butane	4	10
Pentane	5	12

Name	Carbon	Hydrogen
Ethyne	2	2
Propyne	3	4
Butyne	4	6
Pentyne	5	8

Next atom, aluminum. Atomic number 13.

A three ringed atom. It is a metal. Metals tend to have few valence electrons.

Metalloids(semimetals)

COMPOSITION OF FIRE

Hydrogen loves to combine with oxygen. And they can possibly react extremely fast. This causes fire.

One Question

Now, when hydrogen reacts with oxygen, it forms water. And the quick reaction would cause fire. But water puts out fire!

Or Two

That leads us to another question. How does water put out fire? We know it does, but how?

Unanswered

That one question may be unanswered. Why does it?

NORMAL

Uranium (92, too big to show) is a common atom, with a monster of protons. Numbers near 92 are uncommon: 93, 91, 94. And atoms with over 100 protons are all manmade ONLY.

contain about 4 valence electrons. Nonmetals tend to have many electrons.

Alkenes contain at least one double bond. I have no idea what this looks like (some have an odd number of hydrogen!). I will show you a table in the next section; it is too hard for right now.

There is no Meth-ene (methene) because you cannot have a double bond with one carbon atom.

Alkynes

A bit simpler, I will make a table.

NORMAL