Let's use uranium as an example. Nowadays electricity is mainly made from coal or natural gas. Coal is very dirty, containing Hg, Pb, Cd, S, N, Cr, etc., which are very hard to dealt with. Clean-coal technology has be proposed for so many years but technical breakthroughs are very rare. Both USA and China are very rich in coal reservation. As US has been struggling to gain energy independence for many years, people have been thinking of using coal. But it is not that easy to do than to think! The only probable large-scale electricity source is nuclear energy. However, uranium becomes the fuel and then there is still the issue of energy resource dependence. Wind power and solar, and biofuels etc, are still very limited (I worked in an energy company for >2years and I studied energy policies of US). So in short, new energy source is a challenge to all countries in the world. Lots of countries have invested big in such studies but only nuclear energy has gained large-scale usage. Not wind, not solar, nor anything else. The other techniques are more like political statements and encouragement of innovations. So, although we can dream about things happening in 30 or 100 years but we still have to solve problems coming today and next year, right?
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Carbon fiber is made of PAN (Polyacrylonitrile), which is made of monomers, mainly acrylonitrile (CH2=CH-C≡N), which is made from propylene (propene). Propylene nowadays is made primarily from petroleum products. So will the mass demand of carbon fiber become the mass demand for petroleum? It's like what Warren Buffet said, we cannot change our dependence on one foreign energy resource to another foreign resource--the same principle here. But it is also possible to make propylene from other sources like coal or methane. However, still the cost is pretty high and it needs other technologies to advance first.
Also, to use "以电力和电池为主的交通工具", we probably need a lot of catalytic materials, which may also be controlled by foreign countries. It is not completely helpless, but it is just not as rosy as people may think. So in the end, a country's natural resources will be more and more important in the future. From this perspective, both China and USA have a lot of limitations and cannot avoid being blackmailed by companies like Rio Tinto. There will be future companies alike, controlling rare metals like Pt, uranium,etc, etc. In my opinion, it is more important to control the financial world, if your country doesn't have those important materials. Technology nowadays is not king anymore (just look at Japan).