学木工(手刨凿子手锯量具)

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http://forum.iask.ca/threads/从零开始-学木工.384838/

Stanley介绍:https://www.douban.com/note/492607981/ https://www.douban.com/note/543511254/ 

西式刨的一些问题

  • Stanley No. 3 Smoothing Plane: This small-ish smoothing plane is perfect for some tight spots & difficult grain, and fits in adult hands.
  • Stanley No. 4 Smoothing Plane: This is the standard smoothing plane size and provides a superior finish.
  • Stanley No. 5 Jack Plane: The most common size of hand plane because it can be stretched for several uses: removing a lot of wood (like a scrub plane), jointing edges & flattening faces, and even smoothing.
  • Stanley No. 6 Fore Plane: A traditional size for a fore plane, which is used to flatten the surfaces of boards. It also makes a nice edge “jointer” for people who find the No. 7 to be too heavy.
  • Stanley No. 7 Jointer Plane: The classic jointer size is perfect for jointing edges for glue-up
  • No. 1 5 1/2" 1 1/4"
    No. 2 7" 1 5/8"
    No. 3 8" 1 3/4"
    No. 4 9" 2"
    No. 5 14" 2"
    No 6 18" 2 3/8"
    No. 7 22" 2 3/8"
    No. 8 24" 2 5/8"

长刨如#7 是用来拼板(的侧面)找平,称为joint plane;中刨#5 主打板面,称为jack plane;短的称为smooth plane是光刨,按木料的轮廓刨光,这些基本目的与中式刨是一样的。最短的约6”的block plane用于拼板的端面合缝(称为Block in),或榫头清光。总刨刀角度一般是45度,block刨床是20-21度。低角度的刨床都是12度。
角度大则有刮板功能,稍大可助硬木出连续刨花;低角度则用于端面(end grain)阻力大的地方,普通用时可能因木纹侵入过多。常规45度刨刀与折花板齐沿固定,再加盖板;low angle刨的刨身是12度,刨刀斜面朝上(Bevel-Up)且较厚故不需折花板,刨刀通常是25度,但可倒角(称为micro bevel)为30/50度,整体为42/62度以适应不同需要,也有厂家是25/38/50分别用于粗/中/光刨。还有锯齿形刨刀用于找平、90度倒角刀相当于刮板,总之一身多用,适合DIY或初学者。此外,block plane因轻小可用作光刨和榫头,有的刨口可调可用来刨极细料如小提琴板,逆纹理再斜30度刨。
值得指出,早期西式刨除手柄外,有类似中式刨的木身结构也有多种槽刨,也有很复杂的金属结构。后来造型刨为电木铣所淘汰。还需指出,低角度jack刨虽然调整较简单角度可变,但在逆纹时呛茬较严重,开口易损,因此一直也没有能取代Bevel down的传统45度刨。因此我觉得买Stanley #5和低角度block plane即可。

品牌有美国的Lie Nielsen、中国的Quang Sheng、英国的Clifton和加拿大的Veritas。
low angle vs high angle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDyzlT-2HDY
block plane: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_dZ39hC5DM
上面block plane的视频包括磨刀,作者先用砥石(Nagura)粘水在磨石上然后再磨。Nahura是日语矫正的意思,用于磨平磨石并产生泥浆,后者有助于最后的抛光磨。其实人造磨石很少需要它。我目前用直到3000的金刚石磨片,可以肯定不够细。
下图:30度的micro bevel、Stanley #5,Stanley # 60 1/2 低角度block plane。

下图: 仿Stanley 62的Lie Nielsen #62低角度、sargent-514低角度。



https://www.lie-nielsen.com/product/low-angle-jack-plane  
https://www.lie-nielsen.com/product/rabbet-block-plane-w-nicker  
http://www.leevalley.com/en/wood/page.aspx?p=49708&cat=1,41182,41186,49708  
http://www.supertool.com/StanleyBG/stan0a.html  
http://virginiatoolworks.com/tag/block-plane/  
http://woodandshop.com/woodworking-hand-tool-buying-guide-handplanes/  
http://www.sargent-planes.com/sargent-514-low-angle-block-plane/  
http://virginiatoolworks.com/category/sharpening/  
http://www.hyperkitten.com/tools/stanley_bench_plane/type_study.php  
http://www.woodcentral.com/bparticles/pdatechart.pdf

Stanley#5我有两把,其中一把底面带槽的所带刨刀比较锋利耐久。Block Plane和Harbor的各有一把,觉得其一就够了。

凿子的问题

手工凿用于凿眼、挖空、剔槽、铲削,一般有以下几种。平凿:又称板凿,凿刃平整,用来凿方孔;圆凿:有内圆凿和外圆凿两种,凿刃呈圆弧形,用来凿圆孔或圆弧形状;斜刃凿:凿刃是倾斜的,用来倒棱或剔槽。
凿裤,是装凿柄的孔,要选锻造扎实整齐光滑无裂纹的。这样可以保证凿子的使用寿命。刃身部分要选齐整厚实的,刚性好和热处理好的,和刨刃的要求一个样。凿囿的铁圈要圆滑,略窄不易太宽,凿柄也需圆润光滑。

http://www.japanwoodworker.com/Product/159539/Kakuri-KKR-Vanadium-High-Speed-Steel-Butt-Chisels-4-piece.aspx?gclid=CIz-uILCj8UCFY6RfgodNGEAhQ

 

双面手锯 - 日本锯
https://hidatool.com/item/2102 #610日本双面锯41.9,锯片27.9 


钢的硬度HRC
国内最常用的#45钢,实际应用的最高硬度为HRC55(高频淬火HRC58).
T10淬火硬度为60-65HRC,不知国产woodriver刨刀T10钢的硬度是多少,
65Mn最高硬度也只能做到60HRC,还不容易做到;SK5弹簧钢55
D2(Cr12)硬度59-62HRC,深度冷处理至-120度,两次退火,其优点以硬度极佳作刀的效果很好。A2(Cr5),工具钢,硬度57-60HRC,可略作深冷,其优点是韧性比。 北美如Veritas常用O1钢,加工性佳,也可能到硬度62,但韧性及耐力则较弱,易锈,有人认为不如A2。
低档日本厨刀用AUS8钢硬度约58。据说日产木工工具钢都在60以上比美产好。
高速钢
又称锋钢,HRC能在60以上,按用途不同又可分为通用型和特殊用途两种.①通用型高速钢:主要用于制造切削硬度HB≤300的金属材料的切削刀具 (如钻头、丝锥、锯条)和精密刀具(如滚刀、插齿刀、拉刀),常用的钢号有W18Cr4V、W6Mo5Cr4V2等.②特殊用途高速钢:包括钴高速钢和超 硬型高速钢(硬度HRC68~70),主要用于制造切削难加工金属(如高温合金、钛合金和高强钢等)的刀具,常用的钢号有W12Cr4V5Co5、 W2Mo9Cr4VCo8等.

http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/15660591.html?fr=iks&word=%B3%A3%D3%C3%B9%A4%BE%DF%B8%D6%D3%B2%B6%C8&ie=gbk
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/467121750.html?fr=iks&word=%B3%A3%D3%C3%B9%A4%BE%DF%B8%D6%D3%B2%B6%C8&ie=gbk

磨刀
我前一阵是用三片8“金刚石磨片,120/600/2000,其中2000目只要磨不超过30下就有卷边,80除开刃外用不到,总效果不错但到不了镜面。还有一块国产磨刀石估计是250/800的。
现在买了日产KING的磨刀石,1000/6000和小浆石,后者是用来整平磨刀石的,6000可以出镜面但仍有划痕,磨300下不嫌多。不如金刚石磨片快捷。2000/6000出来的刨刀都很锋利,试验了Stanley #5和Harbor #33都很好用。手里有的东西的硬度,harbor的国产凿子最差,印度刨子其次,Stanley的刨子好点。德产厨房菜刀最硬。国产woodriver 凿子新的没试。有把中式刨子也磨好了,不过不大需要了。
国产的磨刀器,给刨刀和凿子用的,加工精度不高,夹前后宽度不一的凿子不大紧角度很难不变。我没有细究角度,在现有刨刀上磨痕有2-3mm宽就行了。

除锈防锈:见《除锈电镀磷化发蓝》

DeWalt ToughSeries 22 oz Milled Face Demo Hammer DWHT51008

https://www.acehardware.com/departments/tools/hand-tools/sledge-hammers/2692572

 

 

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