2018/6/8 (部分网图)
到Barcelona的第一个晚上,从Sagrada Familia(圣家堂)侧面的地铁站口钻出来时,倒着时差,蓬头垢面地站在雨中,仰望着灰濛濛的Sagrada Familia及上面的脚手架,说实在的,心里头是有点失望的。
在这儿偶遇的从美国过来的印度夫妇告诉我,其中一个人进去了半个小时不到,黑乎乎的,什么也没看到,也没什么好看的,另一个人不进去更好,又给我浇了一盆凉水。
到Barcelona的第二天,提前去了La Pedrera(本是第三天,现场改的时间),在旧城Gothic Quarter - Barri Gòtic转了大半天后,在天黑前,去Gaudi的Parc Guell公园看日落(预约时间是第四天)。
第三天,是重头戏 – Gaudi的Sagrada Familia。
印度夫妇Sagrada Familia的囫囵吞枣之行,及自己的初步一瞥,并不能改变自己要好好研究Sagrada Familia的初衷。
那天早上,天气非常好,酒店用完早餐后,从PI. Catalunya出发,慢慢地沿着Pg. Gracia走到Diagonal地铁站,然后坐车到了Hospital Sant Pau。在那儿短暂停留后,就沿着Av. Gaudi向Sagrada Familia走去。
其实,从Hospital Sant Pau出来时,并不知道眼前的路是Av. Gaudi;只是站在Hospital大门口,面对着Av. Gaudi大道,向远处一看,才发现了路的尽头的Sagrada Familia,也才发现Gaudi大道。Sagrada Familia与Hospital Sant Pau似乎是门对门的关系,只不过因为Sagrada Familia很高,看起来很近,其实还是要走上好一段距离。
Av. Gaudi是一条非常优雅且美丽的大道。
Barcelona最著名的一条大道是Las Ramblas,它的结构是这样的:最中间是一条非常宽广的人行通道,上面两边有各种各样卖花卖画卖纪念品卖小吃的亭子,大道两旁是窄窄的单行车道,再两边是人行道及商家与住家,两边有小道通往不同的地方。游客们一般在中间的通道上边走边看,或穿过窄车道过边上餐厅找吃的。
后面发现在有些广场附近也有这样的大道,如火车站前的一个路口;Av. Gaudi是从Hospital Sant Pau通往Sagrada Familia的一条道路,道路的设计也沿用了这种结构。
可能还没到饭点时间,或者大家只知道堆集在Sagrada Familia前面,或并没有多少人知道这条道,Av. Gaudi大道上并没有什么游客。(下图是自己拍的)
这条路的最大的特点是:你可以用朝圣的心情慢慢地走向Gaudi的Sagrada Familia。
人行宽道的两旁是笔直的大树,正值春天,那树上的叶子曾新鲜的翠绿状,远远看去,Sagrada Familia就在一条大路的尽头,树叶掩隐着,扑朔迷离,若隐若现。当慢慢地走着靠近它时,Sagrada Familia就越来越清晰。
当第一次从地铁口陡然出现在雨中的Sagrada Familia脚底下,斜头看着它时,没有感觉到它的震撼,而有一阵阵困惑和迷茫;而今天在阳光灿烂鸟语花香的日子里,沿着古朴优雅的Gaudi大道从远距离慢慢向它走近时,才感觉到前面的Sagrada Familia真如童话般的城堡一样在远处的云端忽隐忽现,风姿优雅,大气迷人。
走着,走着,怕一下子把这条朝圣之路走完,每走一小段,总是在两旁找个镂空雕花的长椅坐下来,慢慢地欣赏Sagrada Familia。
我喜欢这样的感觉,喜欢如朝圣者一样寻着一个目标一直往前怀带欣喜慢慢行走的感觉。而那天在Gaudi大道上,就是这样。当时只希望时间停留,不要走得太快;因为每每看着翠绿的树影后渐渐清晰的Sagrada Familia,就产生一种如梦的幻觉,如同可以点指Sagrada Familia,与Gaudi窃窃私语,告诉他建者已逝游客永恒的感觉。
这一短路实在太美了,走向Sagrada Familia时朝圣的心情也非常美妙;后面的几天时间里,每天都要来这儿报道一两次,包括离开的那天早晨(后面觉得Sagrada Familia周边设计上有点不当,留白的空间不够,周边过于拥挤)。
走到Gaudi大道的尽头,那就是Sagrada Familia了。因为这两天下雨,跨过路上的积水,就到快速入口排队进去了。当时看了一下时间,正好是我的预约时间内(后面30分钟都可进去,我喜欢守时)。
过安全通道时,脱下外套,里面是一身Asics的黄色快干运动衣。也许我的衣服太鲜艳,或太西班牙色,检查的人愣了,打量了一下我,高兴地笑了。是的,今天特地穿了这件心爱的衣服过来,就是要来Sagrada Familia。
在里面,我看到了就象hiking时在树林中仰头看天的教堂顶,知道了Gaudi自然主义的风格。
我看到了外面充足的阳光透过教堂彩色的玻璃进来后,在空中形成的迷幻的彩虹,知道了Gaudi的光影效果。
也到了楼下,瞻仰了Gaudi的寝陵。
还去旁边的Sagrada Familia Museum,认真地参观了Museum;接着转着Sagrada Familia外围看了一圈,想近距离地看Gaudi为了雕塑的逼真,如何从远处寻来Catalunya的牛,以及用真实的S婴为标本来再现罗马人杀S男婴时S婴形象的雕塑;接着又回到Sagrada Familia重新参观,Museum里再细细阅读。
在Sagrada Familia停留了差不多大半天,每个角落不停地探索,终于满足了自己对Gaudi及Sagrada Familia的好奇。
从我所了解的Gaudi来看,他是一个非常简单,纯粹,执着,深刻的一个人。他有着很强的宗教信仰(外号“God's Architect”)和民族信念(以Catalonia为荣,只讲Catalonia语言),他认为上帝创造的大自然是众生创作的万物之源,人类不过是发现大自然和谐与美丽而已;Catalonia是他挚爱的地方。从建筑的角度看,表达自然,用最自然的方式赞美上帝这是再自然不过的事了。
在论术自然与艺术的关系时,他是这样说的:
Anything created by human beings is already in the great book of nature.
Because of this, originality consists in returning to the origin.
Nothing is art if it does not come from nature.
Anything created by human beings is already in the great book of nature.
Those who look for the laws of Nature as a support for their new works collaborate with the creator.
The creation continues incessantly through the media of man.
There are no straight lines or sharp corners in nature. Therefore, buildings must have no straight lines or sharp corners.
(论曲线)The straight line belongs to men, the curved one to God.
(论述光影)Light achieves maximum harmony at an inclination of 45°, since it resides on objects in a way that is neither horizontal nor vertical. This can be considered medium light, and it offers the most perfect vision of objects and their most exquisite nuances. It is the Mediterranean light.
The most significant element as far as decoration is concerned, is the ending of the supporting piece which is shaped in a way that it conveys the traditional history of Barcelona.
他对自己的自然主义表达方式有着无限自豪。
“Social excellence can be achieved when everyone uses their own God-given gift," he said. "I work for Catalonia from my own field. That is, I build a Temple because it is the worthiest building to stand for the people of any country."
Early on in the construction of the temple, Spain's King Alfonso XIII walked with Gaudí on a tour of the cathedral. After a discussion about the church's dimensions, the king asked, "Why such height?" Gaudí replied, "Because on erecting it, with its cross at the very top, we would like to kiss heaven."
In the Sagrada Familia, everything is providential.
(论自己只用Catalonia语言表达)Language conveys thought minutely. Only one's mother tongue can rightly express those spiritual matters which are higher above than everyday concerns. When a speaker uses a different Language, he has to resort to the listener's imagination and thus the concepts lose their wholeness. One could express an idea in a foreign language but its spirit will be missing.
其实,Gaudi的创作方式并非空穴来风,他的创作正是在Catalan Modernism兴起的时候。在neo-Gothic art和 Oriental techniques影响下,他成为Modernista movement的先锋和代言人。
他生于coppersmith之家,他的祖祖辈辈都是工艺匠人;而建筑在当时又是非常热门的专业。
他对自己的地中海人的身份非常自豪,他认为地中海人天生就是创造家。He believed Mediterranean people to be endowed with creativity, originality and an innate sense for art and design. Gaudí reportedly described this distinction by stating, "We own the image. Fantasy comes from the ghosts. Fantasy is what people in the North own. We are concrete. The image comes from the Mediterranean. Orestes knows his way, where Hamlet is torn apart by his doubts."(网上)
他小的时候因为患有严重的关节炎,这段不辛的经历让他成为自然的观察者,为他后面把大自然的万象融入到他的建筑中打下了基础;后来身体的病痛又让他成为素食主义者,一度曾危害他的生命。
可能我也是自然主义者,在看Sagrada Familia内的树干结构时,从没感觉到兀然与唐突,而只与我hiking时抬头所看到的天空相联系。
(自己hiking时拍的照片)
(Antoni Gaudi): Do you want to know where i found my model? An upright tree; it bears its branches and these, in turn, their twigs, and these, in turn, the leaves. And every individual part has been growing harmoniously, magnificently, ever since God the artist created it.
Catalan Modernism之后,出现了反Modernism的Noucentisme运动,加上西班牙内战,Gaudi承受诋毁Sagrada Familia遭到破坏。
我喜欢的作家George Orwell是这样说的:Sagrada Familia is one of the most hideous buildings in the world.
Gerald Brenan说:That vast, unfinished, neo-Gothic church, the Sagrada Familia, is decorated with stone friezes and mouldings representing the fauna and flora, the gastropods and Lepidoptera of Catalonia, enlarged mechanically from nature so as to obtain absolute accuracy. Not even in the European architecture of the period can one discover anything quite so vulgar or pretentious.
Picasso以憎恨Gaudi而著名,他甚至不惜人身攻击:“the other day in Barcelona in the afternoon a friend of mine saw Mr. Antoni Gaudi crossing the Via Laietana, he was being dragged along with a rope around his neck, he had a bad look about him (which was to be expected in his taste) he has aged pretty well (he was embalmed) having just been disinterred. The anarchists always know where to find a good pot of jam.” “If you see Opisso – tell him to send Gaudi and the Sagrada Familia to hell.”
Gaudic在Barcelona建筑界声名显赫,他以前也曾出入豪车(马车),穿着讲究。当他的亲人和最大的赞助者一个个去逝时,他的所有精力都放在Sagrada Familia上,过上了清教主义者的生活。
Gaudi晚年:My good friends are dead; I have no family and no clients, no fortune nor anything. Now I can dedicate myself entirely to the Church。
他已无意于自己的穿着,过着极为简朴和专一的生活。这也是他生命的最后时刻被车撞了被当成乞丐得不到及时更好地治疗的原因。
相比于对他的攻击者,其实,Gaudi的内心是平静和专注的,因为他知道他的才能来自上帝,他所做的一切只是运用他的才能为他热爱的人民服务;他的Sagrada Familia来于自然,取于人民,属于这个世界。他更知道:不同的声音和矛盾的制衡是自然和谐的一部分。正象他在论述政治的时候所讲的:(让我们想想现在的民主与独裁体制)
In order to walk properly, one needs both legs, and does not lift one leg until the other is placed safely. Otherwise, we would jump precariously and we would fall down, instead of walking in a steady way. That is why in politics, opposition is absolutely necessary.
Enlightened or not, a dictatorship cannot last because it is useful only temporarily. A dictatorship is like a bridge between two ways of ruling. And people do not dwell on bridges, they only walk across them.
The politician must have two essential attributes: a great enthusiasm for public matters and a great strength of will to control and rightly direct such eagerness.
对Gaudi的了解并不是只参观他的Sagrada Familia及其它几个建筑,或者知道他的“曲线属于上帝,直线属于人类”,而是要懂得他身处的时代,他的信仰,及他的品质,以及各种艺术流派对他的影响,和他对艺术的执着与热爱。
(Antoni Gaudí Cornet. From Reus. At the age of 74, a man of exemplary life, and an extraordinary craftsman, the author of this marvelous work, the church, died piously in Barcelona on the tenth day of June 1926; henceforward the ashes of so great a man await the resurrection of the dead. May he rest in peace.)
我很高兴自己能在Barcelona住上5天半,有机会好好地观察和研究这个城市。没有Gaudi的Barcelona一定是寂寞的,就象没有旅游的西班牙经济一样,是不可推敲的。我也很高兴,没有象那对印度夫妇一样只在雨天的傍晚对Sagrada Familia来个到此一游,而是在阳光灿烂的日子去了解Sagrada Familia里的美丽的光影和自然造型,因为我知道light在Gaudi建筑中的重要意义,知道阳光透过彩色玻璃后所营造的神奇效果,因为那是圣光,我心目中Gaudi所留给世界的财富之光。
Gaudi的建筑艺术创作受到摩尔人,波斯,日本,中国等影响,他的Sagrada Familia也集大成地表现了他的艺术体验。它是个人的,也是世界的。正如他生前所说的:他总会死的,但Sagrada Familia会为世人所知。
寻求人生的意义,似乎是古老的主题,好多人临终才去思索。怎样过好这一生,用有限的光阴去做有意义的事情,Gaudi似乎给了我们启迪:
To do things right, first you need love, then technique.
Sagrada Familia是天才Gaudi倾注一生,多代努力,多方协作,举世资助的项目(门票)。也许2026它会完工,到时候让我们故地重温,庆祝生命。