China, the oldest existing civilization, never wiped out like al

Why was China, the oldest existing civilization, never wiped out like all the other ancient civilizations?

https://www.quora.com/Why-was-China-the-oldest-existing-civilization-never-wiped-out-like-all-the-other-ancient-civilizations

 

 

 

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Why was China, the oldest existing civilization, never wiped out like all the other ancient civilizations?

 

 

 

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China, as one of the oldest civilizations in the world, has managed to survive and thrive for thousands of years due to a number of factors. One of the main reasons is its geographical location. China's vast territory and diverse geography provided natural barriers that protected it from invaders. Additionally, the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, which run through the heart of China, provided fertile land for agriculture, which allowed the civilization to sustain a large population.Another important factor is the development of a centralized government system early on in China's history. This allowed for the efficient administration and management of resources, which helped to maintain stability and continuity in the civilization.Finally, China's rich cultural heritage and advanced technology also played a role in its survival. For example, the invention of gunpowder and papermaking during China's Han Dynasty allowed for significant advancements in warfare and communication.Overall, the combination of geographical, political, and technological factors helped China to survive and thrive as one of the oldest civilizations in the world.

 

 

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I have visited more than half of China.Updated 2y

I have seen many people mistakenly focus on who is the earliest civilization.

But I want the questioner's meaning is why China can survive in the oldest batch of civilizations?

This view comes from Arnold J. Toynbee.

 

 

Arnold J. Toynbee - Wikipedia

British historian (1889–1975) Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH FBA ( / ? t ?? n b i / ; 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975) was an English historian , a philosopher of history , an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London . From 1918 to 1950, Toynbee was considered a leading specialist on international affairs ; [6] from 1924 to 1954 he was the Director of Studies at Chatham House , in which position he also produced 34 volumes of the Survey of International Affairs, a "bible" for international specialists in Britain. [7] [8] He is best known for his 12-volume A Study of History (1934–1961). With his prodigious output of papers, articles, speeches and presentations, and numerous books translated into many languages, Toynbee was a widely read and discussed scholar in the 1940s and 1950s . Biography [ edit ] Toynbee (born in London on 14 April 1889) was the son of Harry Valpy Toynbee (1861–1941), secretary of the Charity Organization Society , and his wife Sarah Edith Marshall (1859–1939); his sister Jocelyn Toynbee was an archaeologist and art historian. Toynbee was the grandson of Joseph Toynbee , nephew of the 19th-century economist Arnold Toynbee (1852–1883) and descendant of prominent British intellectuals for several generations. He won scholarships to Winchester College and Balliol College, Oxford ( literae humaniores , 1907–1911), [9] and studied briefly at the British School at Athens , an experience that influenced the genesis of his philosophy about the decline of civilisations. In 1912 he became a tutor and fellow in ancient history at Balliol College, and in 1915 he began working for the intelligence department of the British Foreign Office . After serving as a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 he served as professor of Byzantine and modern Greek studies at the University of London . It was here that Toynbee was appointed to the Koraes Chair of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature at King's College , although he would ultimately resign following a controversial academic dispute with the professoriate of the College. [10] [11] In 1921 and 1922 he was the Manchester Guardian correspondent during the Greco-Turkish War , an experience that resulted in the publication of The Western Question in Greece and Turkey . [12] In 1925 he became research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and director of studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdoms national academy for the humanities and social sciences, in 1937. [13] He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1941 and an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1949. [14] His first marriage was to Rosalind Murray (1890–1967), daughter of Gilbert Murray , in 1913; they had three son

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee

 

In fact, this is caused by inconsistent standards.

Chinese people are centered on cultural identity, as long as they identify with Chinese culture, then they are Chinese.

After the establishment of Chinese civilization, it has only undergone dynasty changes, and language, culture, and major ethnic groups have always been in the same line.

And ancient Egypt was completely annihilated by Arabia.

Sumer was killed by Akkad very early.

Ancient Indian(Harappan Civilization) civilization was destroyed by Aryan.

 

 

Indus Valley Civilisation - Wikipedia

Bronze Age civilisation in South Asia Miniature votive images or toy models from Harappa , c. 2500 BCE . Terracotta figurines indicate the yoking of zebu oxen for pulling a cart and the presence of the chicken , a domesticated jungle fowl. The Indus Valley Civilisation [1] ( IVC ), also known as the Indus Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia , lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. [2] [a] Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia , it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia , and of the three, the most widespread, its sites spanning an area from much of Pakistan , to northeast Afghanistan , and northwestern India . [3] [b] The civilisation flourished both in the alluvial plain of the Indus River , which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial monsoon -fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the Ghaggar-Hakra , a seasonal river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan. [2] [4] The term Harappan is sometimes applied to the Indus civilisation after its type site Harappa , the first to be excavated early in the 20th century in what was then the Punjab province of British India and is now Punjab, Pakistan . [5] [c] The discovery of Harappa and soon afterwards Mohenjo-daro was the culmination of work that had begun after the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj in 1861. [6] There were earlier and later cultures called Early Harappan and Late Harappan in the same area. The early Harappan cultures were populated from Neolithic cultures, the earliest and best-known of which is Mehrgarh , in Balochistan , Pakistan. [7] [8] Harappan civilisation is sometimes called Mature Harappan to distinguish it from the earlier cultures. The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their urban planning , baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and metallurgy . [d] Mohenjo-daro and Harappa very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals, [10] and the civilisation may have contained between one and five million individuals during its florescence. [11] A gradual drying of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east. [e] Although over a thousand Mature Harappan sites have been reported and nearly a hundred excavated, [12] [f] [14] [15] there are five major urban centres: [16] [g] Mohenjo-daro in the lower Indus Valley (declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980 as "Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro"), Harappa in the western Punjab region , Ganeriwala in the Cholistan Desert , Dholavira in western Gujarat (declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021 as "Dholavira: A Harappan City"), a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Possible_writing_system

 

The main languages, cultures, and races are very different in this land.

We know that there is no evolutionary relationship between ancient Indian writing and modern Indian writing.

The Chinese civilization is like a melting pot. The Huns, Di, Jie, Qiang, Xianbei, Khitan, Mongolia, and Jurchen have entered China one after another, but most of their culture has disappeared, and many ethnic groups do not exist.

Every dynasty in China has written records, and there is no chronology. Four regions, including ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Turkey, and ancient Persia, did not have any written records after the invasion.

In some four to five hundred years, people gradually lost their knowledge and understanding of their own writing. Writing ability.

Today's Chinese people use scripts that were already used during the Shang Dynasty.

In terms of scripts, they have evolved from oracle bone inscriptions to regular scripts.

We now read Chinese poems three thousand years ago (some early Zhou Dynasty poems in the "Book of Songs"), and we will find that they still rhyme.

The ancient edition of "The Book of Songs" (770 BC-221 BC) of the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period can be converted into modern Chinese characters verbatim, and we can still understand part of the content without transforming into modern Chinese characters.

PS：I don't want to say which civilization is better, but just provide a point of view.

Because there are different conclusions under different standards.