ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The phrase "本来中国的固有领土也就是那所谓的汉地十八省" translates to "Originally, China's inherent territory only refers to the so-called Eighteen Provinces of Han China."
In historical context, the term "汉地十八省" (Hàn dì shíbā shěng) refers to the core areas of the Qing Dynasty, often considered the "heartland" of China. These were the main provinces that were predominantly Han Chinese in population. The concept originates from the administrative divisions during the Qing dynasty, which included regions such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and other eastern parts of China, excluding territories that were under the control of minority groups, such as Tibet and Xinjiang.
The statement emphasizes that historically, some views held that China's core territory was limited to these eighteen provinces, thus implying that territories outside of them, such as Tibet or Xinjiang, might have been viewed differently in terms of governance or sovereignty.
This phrase may reflect a particular historical or political perspective on Chinese territorial claims and identity, often discussed in the context of debates over China's expansion, national unity, and governance of regions with different ethnic groups.
You said:
list of those 汉地十八省 in Chinese?
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The "汉地十八省" (Eighteen Provinces of Han China) traditionally refers to the core provinces of China during the Qing Dynasty. Here is a list of those eighteen provinces in Chinese:
直隶 (Zhílì) – Now Hebei and Beijing area
山东 (Shāndōng)
山西 (Shānxī)
河南 (Hénán)
陕西 (Shǎnxī)
江苏 (Jiāngsū)
浙江 (Zhèjiāng)
江西 (Jiāngxī)
安徽 (?nhuī)
福建 (Fújiàn)
湖南 (Húnán)
湖北 (Húběi)
广东 (Guǎngdōng)
广西 (Guǎngxī)
四川 (Sìchuān)
云南 (Yúnnán)
贵州 (Guìzhōu)
甘肃 (Gānsù)
These were the main provinces under direct control of the central government, making up the core territories of the Qing Dynasty, primarily inhabited by Han Chinese. The list does not include areas such as Tibet, Xinjiang, or Mongolia, which were governed differently during the Qing period.
"浩罕国" (Khanate of Kokand) was a Central Asian khanate that existed from the early 18th century until the mid-19th century. It was one of the three major khanates in Central Asia, along with the Khanate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. The Kokand Khanate was located in the Ferghana Valley, an area that is now part of modern-day Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
The khanate rose to prominence in the 18th century, becoming a significant regional power due to its strategic location along the Silk Road. Kokand maintained an economy based on agriculture, trade, and handicrafts, and it was a center for Islamic culture and scholarship.
In the 19th century, Kokand became more aggressive, extending its influence and conducting military campaigns in neighboring regions, including incursions into Xinjiang (then known as East Turkestan), which was part of the Qing Empire (China). The khanate took advantage of the political instability in Xinjiang following the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) and attempted to seize control of the region. This led to conflict between the Kokand Khanate and the Qing Empire.
However, Kokand's expansionist ambitions in Xinjiang were short-lived. Qing military forces, under the leadership of General Zuo Zongtang, mounted a successful campaign to reclaim Xinjiang in the 1870s, culminating in the recapture of the Ili region in 1881. Kokand's influence in Xinjiang was diminished, and by the 1870s, the khanate itself faced internal strife and external pressure from the expanding Russian Empire.
In 1876, Kokand was annexed by the Russian Empire, and its territory was incorporated into Russian Turkestan, marking the end of the Kokand Khanate. The fall of Kokand was part of the broader Russian expansion into Central Asia during the 19th century.
"福州的興城府貢品桂圓"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJgsXio1hcg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_Z5DOOQUX0?