"浩罕国" (Khanate of Kokand) was a Central Asian khanate that existed from the early 18th century until the mid-19th century. It was one of the three major khanates in Central Asia, along with the Khanate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. The Kokand Khanate was located in the Ferghana Valley, an area that is now part of modern-day Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
The khanate rose to prominence in the 18th century, becoming a significant regional power due to its strategic location along the Silk Road. Kokand maintained an economy based on agriculture, trade, and handicrafts, and it was a center for Islamic culture and scholarship.
In the 19th century, Kokand became more aggressive, extending its influence and conducting military campaigns in neighboring regions, including incursions into Xinjiang (then known as East Turkestan), which was part of the Qing Empire (China). The khanate took advantage of the political instability in Xinjiang following the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) and attempted to seize control of the region. This led to conflict between the Kokand Khanate and the Qing Empire.
However, Kokand's expansionist ambitions in Xinjiang were short-lived. Qing military forces, under the leadership of General Zuo Zongtang, mounted a successful campaign to reclaim Xinjiang in the 1870s, culminating in the recapture of the Ili region in 1881. Kokand's influence in Xinjiang was diminished, and by the 1870s, the khanate itself faced internal strife and external pressure from the expanding Russian Empire.
In 1876, Kokand was annexed by the Russian Empire, and its territory was incorporated into Russian Turkestan, marking the end of the Kokand Khanate. The fall of Kokand was part of the broader Russian expansion into Central Asia during the 19th century.
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