癌症是一种疾病,其特征是体内细胞无控制地生长和分裂。正常情况下,身体的细胞会按需生长、分裂和死亡,但在癌症中,这个过程被打乱了,导致细胞生长失控,可能形成肿瘤。恶性肿瘤可以侵入周围的组织并通过身体的血液和淋巴系统传播到其他部位,这个过程称为转移。癌症可以影响身体上几乎所有的器官和组织。
根据法国国际癌症研究机构刊发最新研究报告:[
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IntheU.S.,severalkeylegislationshaveaprofoundimpactongovernmentpricingofdrugs,especiallywithinpublichealthprogramslikeMedicareandMedicaid.Theselawsestablishtheframeworkfornegotiatingdrugprices,determiningreimbursementlevels,andensuringaccesstoaffordablemedicationsforbeneficiaries.Here’sanoverviewofsomecriticallegislationsandtheirroles:
1.MedicaidDrugRebateProgram(OmnibusBudgetReconciliati...[
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HereisabriefintroductionofhowdifferentpricesarecalculatedtomeettherequirementofGovernmentPrograms.
ForMedicaid,AverageManufacturerPriceiscalculatedatthe“smallestdispensableunit”monthly&quarterly.
MonthlyAMPiscalculatedbasedonbothcurrentmonthdataandhistoricaldata(12-month:currentmonthandpast11months).Duetothelaggedpriceconcessions(particularlychargebacksandrebates),historicald...[
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InChina,centralizeddrugpurchasinggreatlyaffectsdrugprices.TheU.S.governmenthasalsotakensomemeasurestolimitdrugprices.GovernmentpricingregulationsintheU.S.pharmaceuticalindustryaredesignedtoensurethatdrugsaresoldatfairprices,especiallytogovernmentprogramslikeMedicaid,Medicare,andtheVeteransHealthAdministration(VHA).Theseregulationsaimtoprotectconsumers,ensurethatgovernmentprogramshaveaccesstopharma...[
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Inthepharmaceuticalindustry,thecalculationofsalesrevenueismorecomplicatedthanotherindustries.Revenuerecognitionandgross-to-netadjustmentsarecriticalaccountingandfinancialreportingpracticesintheU.S.pharmaceuticalindustry,reflectingthecomplexnatureofdrugpricing,discounts,rebates,andotherallowances.Understandingthesepracticesisessentialforaccuratelycapturingacompany'sfinancialperformance.RevenueR...[
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本来这篇是要在以后写的,因为最近恰好做了一些相关的事情,所以提前写了。等写了国家和地区以及从事创新药的各相关经济主体之后,再重新排一下顺序,估计会是经济篇之六或者之七。
经济篇之一说过,创新药的研究和开发是一种(具有科学属性和工程属性的)经济活动。在推动生物医学研究(互相促进)和为人类健康的做出贡献的同时,从事创新药研发的经济主体([
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这节简单说说卡特总统(和经济的关系不大,所以不应该算经济篇),不过因为药王曾经治愈了患癌症的卡特总统,就跟着放在第一节之后。
卡特已经99岁了,是美国活得最长的总统,也有望成为百岁寿星(修身的楷模啊)。
从医学上看,卡特有明显的癌症家族史。他的父亲和三个弟妹都在五六十岁的时候死于恶性度极高的胰腺癌。他的妈妈也得了乳腺癌。卡特在回忆录[
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在医药界的史册中,有几款药物因其创新性、疗效显著而且销售额巨大而被冠以“药王”的称号。它们改写了治疗某些疾病的历史,对整个医药行业产生了深远的影响。2023年发生了很多重大事件,其中一个就是药王这个宝座发生了新老更替,老药王修美乐退位,K药年销售额超过250亿美元,成为新晋药王。
Pembrolizumab(商品名Keytruda,简称K药或者派姆单抗)是一种人源化[
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Afteratargetisselectedanddrugmodalityischosen,thedrugdiscoveryprocessaimstogenerateandcharacterizeatherapeuticcandidatemolecule,whoseefficacyandsafetywillbeinvestigatedinclinicaltrials.Forexample,ifantibodyisselectedasthedrugmodalityforareceptorproteinexpressedonthecellsurface,acandidateantibodywouldbegeneratedinaprocesscalledantibodydiscovery.
Antibodydiscoveryfocusesonidentifyinganddeveloping...[
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TheTcellreceptor(TCR)isacomplexmoleculefoundonthesurfaceofTcells,whichplayacentralroleintheimmuneresponse.TCRsarecrucialforrecognizingantigenspresentedbyothercells,therebyinitiatingtheimmuneresponseagainstpathogensordiseasedcells.CD4andCD8areglycoproteinsexpressedonthesurfaceofTcellsandactasco-receptorsthatplaycriticalrolesintheimmunesystem.TheyassisttheTcellreceptor(TCR)inrecognizingantigensprese...[
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