Alfredo Perl was born in Chile and is best known for his Beethoven. He has performed the Beethoven cycle of sonatas in Santiago, Moscow and London.
Chopin Prelude No.15, Db Major "Raindrop"--Alfredo Perl
(About this video)
一提起肖邦这个名字,人们自然会同时想到女作家乔治·桑。在音乐家传记作家的笔下,乔治·桑是一个古怪的人,她吸烟、喝烈性酒、着男装;她风流任性,在与肖邦同居之前有过类似关系的有钢琴家李斯特、诗人缪塞、孩子的家庭教师;她自私乖戾,与肖邦交往只是用来装饰自己,她粗暴的举止使肖邦无法安心创作并且在39岁时夭亡。然而这只是一面之词,在文学家传记作者的笔下,肖邦则是一个女性化的男人,他多愁多病,靠着乔治·桑母亲般的呵护活着,这个在键盘上浅吟低唱的客厅钢琴家拖累着乔治?桑,使她在文学的道路上中途而止,没有攀上最高峰。其实这两种说法都是偏颇的结论,他们出于感情用事忽略了这样的事实,即在肖邦与乔治·桑同居的8年里,肖邦处于他一生中创作的旺盛期,他的著名作品几乎都在这个时期中写出;而乔治·桑的几本重要的小说也都在这几年中写出,同肖邦分手以后她从事的主要是社会活动,已经与文学关系不大了。
肖邦从1831年来到巴黎,当时的巴黎既是钢琴艺术的中心,又堪称是19世纪浪漫主义运动的中心,一大批艺术家云集在这里,巴黎正是肖邦施展才华的地方。
(From http://www.bbtpress.com )
"...There is one that came to him through an evening of dismal rain—it casts the soul into a terrible dejection. Maurice and I had left him in good health one morning to go shopping in Palma for things we needed at our "encampment." The rain came in overflowing torrents. We made three leagues in six hours, only to return in the middle of a flood. We got back in absolute dark, shoeless, having been abandoned by our driver to cross unheard of perils. We hurried, knowing how our sick one would worry. Indeed he had, but now was as though congealed in a kind of quiet desperation, and, weeping, he was playing his wonderful prelude.
Seeing us come in, he got up with a cry, then said with a bewildered air and a strange tone, "Ah, I was sure that you were dead." When he recovered his spirits and saw the state we were in, he was ill, picturing the dangers we had been through, but he confessed to me that while waiting for us he had seen it all in a dream, and no longer distinguishing the dream from reality, he became calm and drowsy.
While playing the piano, persuaded that he was dead himself, he saw himself drown in a lake. Heavy drops of icy water fell in a regular rhythm on his breast, and when I made him listen to the sound of the drops of water indeed falling in rhythm on the roof, he denied having heard it. He was even angry that I should interpret this in terms of imitative sounds. He protested with all his might—and he was right to—against the childishness of such aural imitations.
His genius was filled with the mysterious sounds of nature, but transformed into sublime equivalents in musical thought, and not through slavish imitation of the actual external sounds. His composition of that night was surely filled with raindrops, resounding clearly on the tiles of the Charterhouse, but it had been transformed in his imagination and in his song into tears falling upon his heart from the sky....."
- George Sand 乔治·桑
巴黎音乐界很快就开始赞美肖邦,在他的周围聚集了一群艺术家,包括钢琴家李斯特。1835年肖邦遇见了他童年时的朋友沃津斯基伯爵一家,对伯爵小姐马丽亚·沃津斯卡亚的爱情完全占据了肖邦的心。不幸的是肖邦竟因为严重的肺病而错过了这次姻缘,而且身体和精神都遭到严重的损伤,只留下一首使沃津斯卡亚伯爵小姐这个名字至今还有人知道的《告别圆舞曲》。
这次打击造成了肖邦与乔治·桑增加接触并自由结合的契机。女作家乔治·桑是一位激进的女权主义者,不仅她的作品,连她的行为方式都有意识地向保守的社会意识示威。经李斯特介绍她认识肖邦以后,乔治·桑从肖邦的钢琴里洞悉肖邦的内心世界。当她独自去拜访肖邦时,寡言少语的肖邦用钢琴与乔治·桑交流,他只要一触到琴键,就好像在滔滔不绝地诉尽生平不快意,乔治·桑从琴声里悟出肖邦的情愁与乡愁。
1838年秋天,肖邦的病情恶化,为了换一个环境为肖邦养病,乔治·桑带着肖邦和自己的两个孩子到西班牙的马约卡岛疗养。这是个地中海上的岛屿,气候很好,但是不幸他们住了不久便赶上雨季,肖邦因感冒而病情近一步恶化。岛上的居民看到肖邦的样子,生怕传染病在岛上传播,便不准他们住在村镇里,他们只好住在山上一座古老的修道院里。
这所修道院是中世纪的建筑,已经很不适宜居住,既透风又漏雨,寒冷潮湿。肖邦住在这样的地方情况可想而知,在他写给友人的信中,称自己已经病入膏肓,甚至将不久于人世。但是从这个时期肖邦的创作来看,情况也许还不至恶化到这种地步。他的《降D大调前奏曲》就是在马约卡岛上写的。
肖邦与乔治·桑和两个孩子住到修道院以后,生活用品都由乔治·桑到六公里以外的市镇上去采购。有一天乔治·桑去买东西,恰逢天降大雨,阻隔在外不能回来。病中的肖邦独自躺在家里,听着风声雨声,又寂寞又担心,房子漏雨,滴滴答答的水声令人心烦。肖邦自从与乔治·桑同居以来,生活上事事都由人照料,事实上已离不开乔治·桑的关护,病中客居在海岛上古老的修道院里,风声雨声,催人愁肠百结,他索性起身,写他早在计划中的《前奏曲集》。屋檐滴落的雨滴声恰好提供给他一个单音节奏型,就着这个音型,肖邦一口气写完了这首著名的前奏曲。
模仿巴赫《十二平均律钢琴曲集》为钢琴写前奏曲,是肖邦早就构思过的计划。肖邦对巴赫、莫扎特等古典作曲家的音乐非常尊崇。作为钢琴家,他对巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲集》更是视为“钢琴圣经”。他按照《平均律钢琴曲集》调性研究的思路,一个调一个调排列着写下去,也写了24首。所不同的是肖邦只写了前奏曲而没有写赋格,而巴赫是在赋格前面前置了前奏曲。
前奏曲是一种自由结构的短曲,15、16世纪就已经有了,到了巴罗克时期发展成赋格、器乐组曲等结构严谨的乐曲的引子。19世纪浪漫主义音乐的发展使前奏曲游离出来,成了独立的器乐形式,音乐也带有浪漫色彩。肖邦的24首前奏曲堪称是浪漫主义的前奏曲的典范,每一首都是形象鲜明的性格小品,乐思简炼,形式完美,被人称之为浪浪主义的音乐格言。这些前奏曲后来都被后人加上标题,这些标题虽然不十分准确,有的甚至很牵强地联系作者的生活经历,但是从作品的内容来看,也还颇有几分接近。肖邦在马约卡岛那个雨夜写的第15首降D大调前奏曲,始终贯穿着持续的同音反复,并伴随着单调的节奏,有如雨滴落地,被人加上《雨滴》的标题,就很形象。
《雨滴》是肖邦的前奏曲里流传甚广的一首。乐曲的音乐形象虽比较单一,便仍有许多细腻的变化,乐曲十分抒情,歌唱性的旋律伴随着清纯的雨滴声,仿佛是雨夜里飘荡的无言歌,充满浪漫气息。
乔治·桑曾给肖邦的前奏曲作了一些文字描写,这些文字也很美,可以帮助人们了解肖邦当时创作的背景,对理解音乐内容也有所帮助。
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