00, 亚瑟王的故事 – 引言

中国和外国的历史。可能是真发生过的事,也可能是故事。
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亚瑟王(King Arthur)是英国六世纪初期(500–540 AD)的传奇人物。历史上是不是真有这么一个国王,多年来学者一直有争议,但关于他和他手下一众圆桌骑士的作品,从公元十二世纪开始在欧洲像雨后春笋一样传播开来。英国,法国,德国等各地的作家,仿佛一夜之间忽然发现了亚瑟王朝这么一个绝好的创作体裁框架(原因稍后解释),于是各自展开自己的创作天赋,谱写了一篇篇多姿多彩,可歌可泣的不朽诗篇。

King Arthur in conversation with court dignitaries, miniature from Lancelot of the Lake, manuscript, France 15th Century

由于不是出于同一个作者,而且创作的年代,地点,文化都很不一样,所以亚瑟王故事里面的情节/人物/时间,在不同版本里都有很大的出入甚至矛盾,但大自的框架和人物性格设定还是有迹可寻的。亚瑟王本人这个角色,怎么说呢,有点像金庸《倚天屠龙记》里的张三丰,或者温瑞安《四大名捕》里的诸葛先生,或者《隋唐演义》里面的秦琼,算是在他们之间吧。他本身有自己的成长故事,武功绝对不弱,又有一把绝世好剑:王者之剑(Excalibur),可算得是“上得了战场,屠得了毒龙”。但一朝登基,身旁召集了一桌子(Round Table)的英勇骑士之后,他就退居二线,当起了亦师亦友的身份,从来不会遮住任一个骑士的光芒。别人服他,是来自并肩战斗的信任,和对长者智者的尊敬,而更多则是对他仁者风范的敬仰。


既然有了这么一个以德服人的国王,那故事设定就很简单有趣了:亚瑟王在宫中有一个很大很大的圆桌,他手下的骑士围着桌子刚好坐一圈。每年春天骑士们纷纷离开,到全国各地扬善除恶,维持治安,然后到年底回归大本营,在圆桌旁坐下,讲一讲一年来的经历见闻,吹一吹自己的英雄业绩,互相谦虚客套一番,然后大家比武,过年,第二年春天再继续重复。

King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, painting by Michel Gantelet from 1472

可以想象,这样的设定给作家们多么自由的创作空间:你可以随便编一个故事,武侠/惊险/爱情/寻宝/复仇/等等,只要是能在一两年以内发生结束的故事,都可以找一个性格相符的骑士安放到亚瑟王的圆桌故事会里。

这也就是为什么那么多不同国家不同年代的作者,不约而同前仆后继的往亚瑟王故事群里面添砖加瓦。这个传统已经延续了一千年,而且还会继续下去。

The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon, by Edward Burne-Jones, painted in 1881–1898.
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