威尼斯游记:从欧洲首富到沦陷败落

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威尼斯的水上城市风光十分独特。我们这次来到威尼斯,有幸欣赏到这座水上之城的美丽风光。由于疫情和冬季的原因,来威尼斯的游客比往常要少了很多,没有了往日的热闹气氛,有些失落。摄影师却十分高兴,说没有游人的干扰,能拍出不少好片。这些是游人少时拍下的美丽镜头(0:40)(1:08)。其实我们这次来威尼斯,不仅仅是看城市风光,还想揭开一个徘徊在我们头脑中的历史之谜:在四面强敌环伺的情况下,小小的威尼斯为啥能成为一个独立小国,而且维持时间长达1000多年(2:35),在同一时期很多国家已经改朝换代好几次了。威尼斯不仅能维持独立,还在很长时间成为欧洲首富。这个水上小国凭什么做到这一切的?

可以总结几条,一是威尼斯的地理位置十分优越,它在亚得里亚海的最北端(3:05)。从中国白菜价买到的瓷器、丝绸、茶叶,经丝绸之路运到地中海的东端,再从地中海经海路运到欧洲大陆,一转手就能买出天价(3:23)。第二条,威尼斯人知道仅仅靠对外贸易是不够的,同时开展对外贸易和发展独立手工业,两条腿走路。十三世纪初威尼斯人发明了玻璃镜子(4:24),立即受到欧洲各国王宫贵族们的青睐。

但威尼斯毕竟是个小国,从15世纪开始没落,当时它在保卫塞萨洛尼基时首次失利,败给奥斯曼土耳其帝国。威尼斯在1453年帮助拜占庭帝国,参加首都君士坦丁堡的保卫战,在穆罕默德二世攻陷君士坦丁堡之后,阿拉伯人开始侵略威尼斯(6:11),威尼斯人惨败,再加上黑死病肆虐,威尼斯从此一厥不振(6:53)。

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