美国模式未能充分解释的是,如果要将一项发明充分投产,需要投入多少工作、改进和创新。如果用冰山来比喻,那么90%的工作都在水下。美国的问题是,水面上10%的工作很出色,但水面下的90%工作拖了后腿。许多创新都是反复试验和调整的结果。爱迪生曾说:“天才是百分之一的灵感加上百分之九十九的汗水。”詹姆斯·贝森(James
Bessen)在《边做边学》(Learning by
Doing)一书中写道:“在发明结束后,随之而来的是一系列知识更新和改进空间。”从这个意义上说,美国模式注重前端的发明;中国注重持续地创新和生产制造。美国的制度建立在科学发现的基础上,这些发现是一种公共产品,现在很容易在世界各地复制和合并。
原文开场白如下:
A 20-month investigation of Chinese innovation capabilities in 10 advanced-technology industries has found that China is at the leading edge of global innovation in two sectors and is not far behind the global leaders in four others. The evidence suggests that China has not yet taken the overall lead, but its firms a******wenxuecity***/news/images/postcomment.pngre making rapid progress in developing their innovation capabilities and will likely equal or surpass the U.S. and other Western leaders within a decade or so, according to a new report by the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF), which conducted the investigation.