乡党篇第十
【原文】
10·1 孔子于乡党(1)，恂恂(2)如也，似不能言者。其在宗庙、朝廷，便便(3)言，唯谨尔。
【注释】
(1)乡党：乡土，本乡本土，引申“相亲”。
(2)恂恂：读“寻”，温和恭顺。
(3)便便：读“片”第二声，善于辞令。
【白话】
孔子面对乡亲时显得很温和恭敬，好像不会说话。但宗庙、朝廷，却善于言辞，只是说话谨慎而已。
【英译】
Facing fellow townsmen, Confucius didn’t seem good at speaking. Yet in ancestral temple and court, he was a man of eloquence, but he was rather cautious.
【原文】
10·2 朝，与下大夫言，侃侃(1)如也；与上大夫言，訚訚(2)如也。君在，踧踖(3)如也，与与(4)如也。
【注释】
(1)侃侃：说话理直气壮，轻松自信。
(2)訚訚：读“银”，正直，和颜悦色而又能直言诤辩。
(3)踧踖：读“促吉”，恭敬不安。
(4)与与：小心谨慎、威仪适中的样子。
【白话】
孔子上朝时，同下大夫说话，从容不迫；同上大夫说话，直言不讳；在国君面前，恭敬谨慎。
【英译】
In court, Confucius talked with ease and confidence to lower rank officials, was out-spoken to higher rank officials, and talked to the lord respectfully and cautiously.
【原文】
10·3 君召使摈(1)，色勃如也(2)；足躩(3)如也。揖所与立，左右手，衣前后，襜(4)如也。趋进，翼如也(5)。宾退，必复命曰：“宾不顾矣。”
【注释】
(1)摈：读“鬓”，动词，负责招待国君的官员。
(2)色勃如也：脸色庄重。
(3)足躩：躩，读“决”，脚步快。
(4)襜：读“搀”，整齐之貌。
(5)翼如也：如鸟翅一般。
【白话】
国君召孔子去接待来宾，孔子表情庄重，脚步迅速；与两旁的人作揖，左右拱手，衣服前后摆动，很整齐；快速向前时，步伐轻快；来宾走后，必定回报说：“客人走远了。”
【英译】
The lord called Confucius in and asked him to receive guests. Confucius looked serious and quickened his pace. While making bows with hands folded in front to people beside him in both sides, he cupped one hand in the other to the left and then to the right with his dress swinging forward and backward rather neatly. When swiftly stepping forward, he walked at a brisk space. When guests left, he was certain to report back: “Guests went far away.”
【原文】
10·4 入公门，鞠躬如(1)也，如不容。立不中门，行不履阈(2)。过位，色勃如也，足躩如也，其言似不足者。摄齐(3)升堂，鞠躬如也，屏气似不息者。出，降一等(4)，逞(5)颜色，怡怡如也。没阶(6)，趋进，翼如也。复其位，踧踖如也。
【注释】
(1)鞠躬如：谨慎而恭敬的样子。
(2)履阈：阈，读“玉”，门槛，脚踩门坎。
(3)摄齐：齐，读“资”，衣服的下摆。摄，提起。提起衣服的下摆。
(4)降一等：从台阶上走下一级。
(5)逞：舒展开，松口气。
(6)没阶：走完台阶。
【白话】
孔子走进朝廷的大门，看上去恭敬而谨慎，似乎没有容身之地。站，不站在门中间；走，不踩门坎。经过国君的座位时，他脸色凝重，步速加快，说话似乎底气不足。提起衣服下摆向堂上走时，毕恭毕敬，憋住气好像不呼吸一样。退出来，走下台阶，脸色才舒展开，显得神情怡然自得。走完台阶，迅速地朝前走几步，姿态像鸟儿展翅。回到自己的位置，依然恭敬而不安。
【英译】
Entering the court gate, Confucius looked deferential and cautious as if no place to shelter himself. When standing, he never stood in the middle of a door; when walking, he never let his feet touch threshold. While passing by the lord’s seat, he looked serious and quickened pace and spoke with a feeble voice as if suffering vitality deficiency. When walking toward upper hall with his gown hem in hand, he held his breath with all courtesy and respect as if he didn’t breathe at all. Only at the time of turning back and walking down the steps did he show a relaxed look and seemingly feel happy and contented. After walking down all the steps, he took a few quick paces forward as a bird stretching its wings. Back onto his seat, he still looked extremely differential but uneasy.
【原文】
10·5 执圭(1)，鞠躬如也，如不胜。上如揖，下如授。勃如战色(2)，足蹜蹜(3)，如有循(4)。享礼(5)，有容色。私觌(6)，愉愉如也。
【注释】
(1)圭：一种上圆下方的玉器，举行典礼时，不同身份的人拿着不同的圭。出使邻国，大夫拿着圭作为代表君主的凭信。
(2)战色：战战兢兢的样子。
(3)蹜蹜：读“诉”，小步走路。
(4)如有循：循，沿着。好像沿着一条直线往前走一样。
(5)享礼：享，献上。献礼仪式。
(6)觌：读“敌”，会见。
【白话】
拿着圭，像对国君鞠躬，好像拿不动。向上举，像作揖，放下来，像递交。脸色凝重，战战兢兢，脚步细碎，像沿着一条直线走路。献礼时，和颜悦色。与国君会面，则轻松愉快。
【英译】
Confucius held a jade “Gui” in hand as if bowing to the lord and being unable to hold it. He raised it as if he made a bow with hands folded in front. Putting it down as if he presented it. When he walked with light and quick steps as if following a straight line, he showed a severe look and trembled with fear. Yet when presenting gifts, he showed an amiable look. While having a private interview with the lord, he looked rather relaxed and happy.
【原文】
10·6 君子不以绀緅饰(1)，红紫不以为亵服(2)。当暑，袗絺绤(3)，必表而出之(4)。缁衣(5)，羔裘(6)；素衣，麑(7)裘；黄衣，狐裘。亵裘长，短右袂(8)。必有寝衣(9)，长一身有半。狐貉之厚以居(10)。去丧，无所不佩。非帷裳(11)，必杀之(12)。羔裘玄冠(13)不以吊(14)。吉月(15)，必朝服而朝。
【注释】
(1)不以绀緅饰：绀，读“敢”第四声，深青透红，斋戒服装颜色。緅，读“邹”，黑中透红，丧服颜色。这里是说，不以这两种颜色布料给便服做镶边饰物。
(2)红紫不以为亵服：亵服，家用便服。古人认为，红紫不是正色，便服不宜用。
(3)袗絺绤：袗，读“枕”，单衣。絺，读“吃”，细葛布。绤，读“细”，粗葛布。这里是说，穿粗葛布或细葛布单衣。
(4)必表而出之：把麻布单衣穿在外面，里面还要衬有内衣。
(5)缁：黑色。
(6)羔裘：羔皮衣。古代的羔裘就是翻毛黑羊皮衣。
(7)麑：读“尼”，小白鹿。
(8)短右袂：袂，读“妹”，袖子。右袖短，便于做事。
(9)寝衣：睡衣。
(10)狐貉之厚以居：狐貉之厚，厚毛的狐貉皮。居，坐。
(11)帷裳：朝服和祭祀服，用整幅布，不加裁剪，折叠缝制。
(12)杀之：裁去多余的布。杀，裁。
(13)玄冠：黑帽。
(14)吊：丧事。
(15)吉月：每月初一。一说正月初一。
【白话】
君子不用深红色做衣边，红色紫色不可做内衣。夏天，穿粗布单衣，外出必穿外衣。黑色内衣，配黑色外衣；白色内衣，配黄色外衣；黄色内衣，配黄色外衣。内衣较长，右袖较短。一定要有睡衣，长一身半。坐垫要厚。丧事结束后，佩饰没有限制。非正式场合的衣服，一定要裁边。吊丧不穿黑衣、不戴黑帽。每月初一，必穿朝服去朝见。
【英译】
Gentlemen neither use dark red material to make hems nor use red or purple material to make underwear. In summer, they wear coarse unlined clothes and must wear outer garment when away from home. They should pay attention to match: match black underwear with black outer garment, white underwear with yellow outer garment, yellow underwear with yellow outer garment. Underwear should be long with right sleeve relatively short. Pajamas must be used and should be one and half time the length of one’s height. Seat cushions must be thick. After funeral, there’re no restrictions on ornaments. As for clothes used on formal occasions, they must have hems cut. During funeral, black dress and hats are unadvisable. One the first day of every January, they must wear audience dress to have their audience with the sovereign ruler.
【原文】10·7 齐(1)，必有明衣(2)，布。齐必变食(3)，居必迁坐(4)。
【注释】
(1)齐：古时音义皆同斋。
(2)明衣：斋前沐浴后穿的浴衣。
(3)变食：改变平常的饮食。指不饮酒，不吃葱、蒜等有刺激味的东西。
(4)居必迁坐：指从内室迁到外室居住，不和妻妾同房。
【白话】
斋戒沐浴，必备浴衣，用布缝制。斋戒饮食必改，住处也必迁移。
【英译】
On fast days, one must wear bathrobe after bath, which is made of cloth. During fast period, one should change diet and residence.
【原文】
10·8 食不厌精，脍(1)不厌细。食饐(2)而餲(3)，鱼馁(4)而肉败(5)，不食。色恶，不食。臭恶，不食。失饪(6)，不食。不时(7)，不食，割不正(8)，不食。不得其酱，不食。肉虽多，不使胜食气(9)。唯酒无量，不及乱(10)。沽酒市脯(11)，不食。不撤姜食，不多食。
【注释】
(1)脍：读“快”，切细的肉。
(2)饐：读“义”，食物腐败变质。
(3)餲：读“爱”，变质。
(4)馁：鱼腐烂。
(5)败：肉腐烂，这里指肉不新鲜。
(6)饪：烹调制作饭菜。
(7)不时：应时，合时令，时鲜。
(8)割不正：肉切得不方正。
(9)气：同“饩”，读“细”，谷物。
(10)乱：醉酒。
(11)脯：读“腐“，熟肉干。
【白话】
粮食舂得越精越好，鱼和肉切得越细越好。粮食陈旧变质，鱼和肉腐烂，都不吃。食物的颜色不好，不吃。气味不好，不吃。烹调不当，不吃。不时鲜，不吃。肉切得不方正，不吃。佐料不当，不吃。肉虽多，但食量不超过粮食。只有酒不限量，但不要喝醉。买的肉干和酒，不吃。每餐必吃姜，但不多用。
【英译】
When you pestle grain, the more delicate the better; while fish and meat to be cut, the finest the better. Neither moldy grain nor rotten fish and meat are eatable. Do not eat food with bad colors. Do not eat food with bad smell. Do not eat food improperly cooked. Do not eat food unseasonable. Do not eat meat without being cut into square pieces. Do not eat food improperly flavored. While eating meat, do not take more than rice though plenty. Only wine is unlimited, yet do not get drunk. Do not eat dried meat and wine bought from market. Ginger must be taken during each meal, but not too much.
【原文】
10·9 祭于公，不宿肉(1)，祭肉(2)不出三日。出三日，不食之矣。
【注释】
(1)不宿肉：不使肉过夜。
(2)祭肉：祭祀用的供品肉。
【白话】
孔子参加国君祭祀典礼后分到的祭肉，不隔夜吃。祭肉不超过三天。超过三天，就不吃了。
【英译】
Confucius didn’t eat overnight sacrificial meat allotted to him after participating in sacrificial rites held by lord. Sacrificial meat couldn’t be kept over three days. Otherwise, he didn’t eat it at all.
【原文】
10·10 食不语，寝不言。
【白话】
吃饭时不说话，睡觉时候也不说话。
【英译】
Confucius didn’t speak during eating or sleeping.
【原文】
10·11 虽疏食菜羹(1)，瓜祭(2)，必齐(3)如也。
【注释】
(1)菜羹：菜汤。
(2)瓜祭：古人饭前把食品分出一些，放在食具里祭祖。 瓜，葫芦瓜。古人以葫芦瓢为食具，把食品放在瓢里祭祀，故称瓜祭。
(3)齐：音以皆同“斋”。
【白话】
即使粗饭菜汤，吃饭前也留出一些来祭祖，而且像斋戒时那样毕恭毕敬。
【英译】
Even if coarse rice and vegetable soup, Confucius was certain to put some aside before dinner as sacrificial offerings to his ancestors. He did it with all courtesy and respect as if during fast days.
【原文】
10·12 席(1)不正，不坐。
【注释】
(1)席：古代没有桌椅，要把席子铺在地上坐。
【白话】
席放得不正，不坐。
【英译】
Confucius didn’t sit on mat which wasn’t put properly.
【原文】
10·13 乡人饮酒(1)，杖者(2)出，斯出矣。
【注释】
(1)乡人饮酒：指当时的乡饮酒礼。
(2)杖者：柱拐杖的人，指老年人。
【白话】
乡亲们的饮酒仪式结束后，孔子一定要等老人先出去，然后自己才出去。
【英译】
After ending country wine rites, Confucius would certainly let old people walk out before him.
【原文】
10·14 乡人傩(1)，朝服而立于阼阶(2)。
【注释】
(1)傩：读“挪”，迎神驱鬼仪式。
(2)阼阶：阼，读“做”，东面的台阶。主人迎客要站在大堂东面的台阶上。
【白话】
乡人举行驱鬼仪式时，孔子总是穿着朝服站在东边的台阶上。
【英译】
During country ghost-expelling-rites, Confucius usually had his official garment on and stood on the eastern step.
【原文】
10·15 问(1)人于他邦，再拜而送之(2)。
【注释】
(1)问：问候。古代人在问候时往往要致送礼物。
(2)再拜而送之：在送别客人时，两次拜别。
【白话】
托人向在外国朋友问候送礼，一定拜见两次送行。
【英译】
When asking someone to send regards or gifts to foreign friends, it was definite that Confucius saw him off by making two respectful calls on him
【原文】
10·16 康子馈药，拜而受之。曰：“丘未达，不敢尝。”
【白话】
季康子给孔子赠送药品，孔子拜谢接受之后说：“我对药性不了解，不敢尝。”
【英译】
Accepting some medicine given by Ji Kangtzu, Confucius said: “I’m not familiar with its property so I dare not have a taste.”
【原文】
10·17 厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？”不问马。
【白话】
马棚被大火焚毁。孔子退朝回来，说：“伤人了吗？”不问马的情况。
【英译】
Confucius’ stable was destroyed by a fire. Back from his audience with the sovereign ruler, he said: “Are there anyone wounded?” But he asked nothing about his horse.
【原文】
10·18 君赐食，必正席先尝之。君赐腥(1)，必熟而荐(2)之。君赐生，必畜之。侍食于君，君祭，先饭。
【注释】
(1)腥：带腥味的鲜肉。
(2)荐：供奉。
【白话】
君主赏赐食物，孔子一定要摆正先尝；君主赏赐鲜肉，一定要煮熟供奉祖先；君主赏赐活物，一定要养起来。陪君主吃饭，君主祭祀时，自己先尝。
【英译】
Given food by the lord, Confucius definitely put it properly and then had a taste. Given raw meat, he definitely had it cooked and then offered it as sacrifices to ancestors. Given something alive, he definitely accepted and raised it. Accompanying the lord to have a meal, he definitely had a taste before the lord began offering sacrifice.
【原文】
10·19 疾，君视之，东首(1)，加朝服，拖绅(2)。
【注释】
(1)东首：头朝东。
(2)绅：腰带。 孔子患病，卧床不起，国君探视，他无法起身穿朝服，显得对国君失礼，就把朝服盖在身上，手里还拿着腰带。
【白话】
孔子病了，君主来探视，他便头朝东躺着，身上盖上朝服，拖着腰带。
【英译】
Confucius was ill. The lord went to see him. Lying in bed, he had his head eastward with official garment covering his body and waistband in his hand.
【原文】
10·20 君命召，不俟驾行矣。
【白话】
君主召见，孔子不等车备好就先步行走去了。
【英译】
Whenever called in by the lord, Confucius would usually go by foot without waiting to prepare carriage and horse ready.
【原文】
10·21 入太庙，每事问(1)。
【白话】
孔子进入太庙，每件事都问。
【英译】
Entering the temple which was built for offering sacrifice to the lord’s ancestors, Confucius asked about everything.
【原文】
10·22 朋友死，无所归，曰：“于我殡(1)。”
【注释】
(1)殡：停放灵柩和埋葬都可以叫殡，这里是泛指丧葬事务。
【白话】
朋友死了，没有人办丧事，孔子说：“丧事由我来办吧。”
【英译】
A friend died but no one made arrangements for funeral affairs. Confucius said: “Let me do it.”
【原文】
10·23 朋友之馈，虽车马，非祭肉，不拜(1)。
【注释】
(1) 拜：拜领，即接受。
【白话】
朋友馈赠物品，如果不是祭肉，即便是车马，也不接受。
【英译】
As for gifts given by friends, Confucius refused anything other than sacrifice meat. If no sacrifice meat, he accepted nothing even if there were horses or carts.
【原文】
10·24 寝不尸，居不客。
【白话】
睡觉不像挺尸那样僵直，居家不像客人那样拘谨。
【原文】
When sleeping, Confucius wasn’t as stiff and rigid as a corpse. While staying at home, he wasn’t as overcautious as a visitor.
【原文】
10·25 见齐衰(1)者，虽狎(2)，必变。见冕者与瞽者(3)，虽亵(4)，必以貌。凶服(5)者式(6)之。式负版者(7)。有盛馔(8)，必变色而作(9)。迅雷风烈必变。
【注释】
(1)齐衰：读“资崔”，丧服。
(2)狎：读“霞”，亲近。
(3)瞽者：盲人，有时指乐师。
(4)亵：读“谢”，熟悉。
(5)凶服：丧服。
(6)式：音义皆同“轼”，古代车前的横木。这里作动词用。遇见地位高的人或其他可敬重可同情的人，车把式要略微向前倾身，伏在横木上，以示尊敬或者同情。这是当时的礼节。
(7)负版者：背着木简的人。版，木简，就是木板，当时无纸，用木版书写，因此“版”就相当于今天的书。
(8)馔：读“赚”，饮食。盛馔，盛大的宴席。
(9)作：站起来。
【白话】
见穿丧服的人，即使再亲密，也一定要变得严肃起来；见穿官服的和盲人，即使再熟悉，也一定要有礼貌；坐车遇到送殡的，一定倾身以示同情，见背着版图的也一样；在盛大宴席上，要变得恭敬并起立致谢；遇到响雷大风，一定变得敬畏起来。
【英译】
When seeing people in mourning apparel, Confucius definitely changed his usual look into a severe one even if they were near and dear to him. When seeing officials or blind musicians, he definitely showed respects even if they were well acquainted with each other. While seating in a cart and seeing people attending a funeral, he definitely bent his body to show sympathy. Seeing people carrying inscribed wooden slips, he did the same. Attending a grand banquet, he definitely changed his usual countenance into a thankful look and stood up to show gratitude. When bad weather came about with sound thunders and strong wind, he definitely showed a respectful and awesome expression to the heaven.
【原文】
10·26 升车，必正立，执绥(1)。车中，不内顾(2)，不疾言(3)，不亲指(4)。
【注释】
(1)绥：上车时扶手用的索带。
(2)内顾：回头看。
(3)疾言：大声说话。
(4)不亲指：不用自己的手指划。
【白话】
上车时要先直立站好，然后拉着扶手带上车。在车里，不东张西望，不高声说话，不用手指画脚。
【英译】
When boarding a cart, Confucius definitely stood straight first and then grasped the supporting belt to help him climb up. In the cart, he neither peeped here and there nor spoke aloud and gesticulated wildly.
【原文】
10·27 色斯举矣(1)，翔而后集(2)。曰：“山梁雌雉(3)，时哉时哉！(4)”子路共(5)之，三戛(6)而作(7)。。
【注释】
(1)色斯举矣：色，脸色。举，鸟飞起来。
(2)翔而后集：飞翔一阵，然后落到树上。鸟群停在树上叫“集”。
(3)山梁雌雉：聚集在山梁上的母野鸡。
(4)时哉时哉：得其时呀！得其时呀！这是说野鸡时运好，能自由飞翔，自由落下。
(5)共：同“拱”。
(6)戛：鸟的长叫声。
(7) 作：飞。
【白话】
孔子郊游，看见野鸡飞翔一阵后聚集在树上，孔子神情一变，说：“山脊上的野鸡啊，时运好啊！时运好！”子路向它们拱拱手，野鸡长叫几声飞走了。
【英译】
Seeing some pheasants flying and then gathering in a tree during an outing, Confucius suddenly changed his expression and said: “These she-pheasants on the hill. How lucky they are! How lucky they are!” Ztu Lu bowed to the birds cupping one hand in the other before his chest. And the birds gave out several cries and flew away.
