【南北最后一战 李将军 降 格兰特将军 1865】






At Appomattox, Virginia, on April 10, 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders his 28,000 troops to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the American Civil War.

The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought on the morning of April 9, 1865, was one of the last battles of theAmerican Civil War. It was the final engagement of Confederate Army general Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. Lee, having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, after the ten-month Siege of Petersburg, retreated west, hoping to join his army with the Confederate forces in North Carolina. Union forces pursued and cut off the Confederate retreat at the village of Appomattox Court House. Lee launched an attack to break through the Union force to his front, assuming the Union force consisted entirely of cavalry. When he realized that the cavalry was backed up by two corps of Union infantry, he had no choice but to surrender.

The signing of the surrender documents occurred in the parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9.
On April 12, a formal ceremony marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia and the parole of its officers and men, effectively ending the war in Virginia.

This event triggered a series of surrenders across the south, signaling the end of the war.



Transcript

HdQrs Army of No Va
10th April 1865

General Order                                                                                                                       
No 9

After four years of arduous service, marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources.

I need not tell the brave survivors of so many hard fought battles who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to this result from no distrust of them, But feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish nothing that could compensate for the loss that would have attended the continuance of the contest, I determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen.

By the terms of the agreement, Officers and men can return to their homes and remain until exchanged. You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed and I earnestly pray that a merciful God will extend to you His blessing and protection.

With an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration of myself, I bid you all an affectionate farewell.

R E Lee

Genl
















左 为 李将军的座位 和桌椅, 右为 格兰特将军的座位和 桌椅
李将军受礼遇



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美国南北内战后期,南方联军败局已定。著名的南方联军司令李将军面临着是投降还是继续抵抗的问题。
作为毕业于西点军校、视军人的荣誉比生命还重要的李将军,他的内心是宁愿战死沙场也不愿意投降。

此时,高傲的南方军队和人民中出现一种呼声,主张不投降,在将军的领导下,
把南方的妇女及青少年也动员和组织起来参加战斗,进行游击战即人民战争,
把南方变成人民战争和游击战争的辽阔战场,把北方军队拖进游击战的汪洋大海之中,
这样坚持到最后有可能把北军拖垮,反败为胜。

对此,李将军毫不犹疑地拒绝了,他认为,战争是军人的事情,战争有战争的规则,
绝对不能让妇女儿童参加到战争中来,更不能让妇女儿童搞什么游击战争。如果没有前线和后方,
到处是战场,如果妇女儿童拿枪参战,那是对人民的生命不负责任,那是军人的耻辱,
也破坏了战争的规则和目的。何况,妇女儿童等平民打游击战,那他们就成了军人,
他们就会招致枪杀和疯狂的报复,作为捍卫军人的职责声誉和人民生命的军人来说,那是绝对下可以的。


在阿波马托克斯,两位美国内战中最伟大的将军见面了。
罗伯特·李穿上了披挂全新的军装,挎着镶嵌宝石的指挥刀;格兰特穿着士兵服,纽扣没有扣上,也没有带指挥刀。

格兰特眼看着英勇的对手,心情悲哀而沮丧,这是英雄惜英雄的感情。
因为不愿导致对方难堪,格兰特将军特意低调处理受降事宜,在简单受降式上,他对李将军毕恭毕敬,
寒喧了好久,迟迟不愿提及投降一事。他还特别提到十多年前他们在墨西哥战争时的短暂相遇
李将军伟大战略家的卓著声誉,正是在那大战争中初露锋头的。
最后,还是李将军主动提出投降一事,格兰特将军淡化地说一切事宜如议。

李提出原部下早已军粮告罄,格兰特吩咐将二万四千份军粮送到降后的敌营,
李又提到南方士兵的座骑均属个人所有,讯问是否允许他们各人拥有马匹时,
格兰特说,让所有的人都牵上一匹马,士兵、军官都一样,他们需要马匹去耕种土地,若有南方士兵认领马匹者,
他将命令部下不作任何阻挠。

仪式结束后,格兰特下令联邦部队不许庆祝,因为邦联将士“又是咱们约同胞兄弟了”。
美国历史上最重大的地理、政治、理念纷争在历经四年苦战,损耗了广十多万生命之后,
就这样静悄悄、简简单单地结束了。

战后,没列战争罪犯,没开战争法庭,没有一方追捕,另一方隐姓埋名四处躲藏逃亡的情况。
不久,林肯政府还签署了特赦今,南方将士全面大赦。
赦令明文规定,要允许南方将士安居乐业,“不得搔扰”。
而且,为了南方将士能够安居乐业,他们还得到与北方退役将士同等数目的安家费。
事后证明,所有参战的南方军人真的如愿,一律作为自由平等的美国公民看待,
一视同仁,并没有歧视,更没有出现秋后算绝帐甚至是株连九族的事情。

在有关投降和结束战争的协议书上签完那历史性的一笔后,李将军拒绝了任何故旧朋友的邀请,
来到了弗吉尼亚州的一个的小镇。小镇的人民对将军的到来热情欢迎,
他们并不把他看作失败者,而仍然看作是将军和英雄。

后来这里建立了一所大学,当地的人民以将军的名字命名这所大学,并邀请将军出任大学校长的时候,
将军答应了,在以大学校长的身份和一贯的高贵精神哺育莘莘学子的事业中走完了波澜起伏的一生。
将军逝世后,他和他的战马被制成银白色雕塑,安放在学校的大厅里,永远注视着学校的师生和每一位来访者。
如今,以阿尔伯特·李命名的学校,仍遍布全国各州,且为数不少。
很多童子军团,也都打着李氏旗号,号召年轻一代要效法车将军忠诚、勇敢、严于律己的风范。
二战结束后,杜鲁门总统给予统筹欧亚两大战场的参谋长联席会主席马歇尔(George Marshall)将军的
最高评价称   他是   李将军以来   最伟大的将军。

















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