小序
人们使用和食用含铝物品 例如 白矾
至少有1000多年以上的历史。
前些年，铝制品 含铝物品被传可能与 引发
神经功能包括 老年性痴呆 即 Alzheimer's disease 奥茨海默氏病
osteomalacia 骨质软化 和 osteoporosis 骨质疏松 等症有关
但
近年的深入研究基本否定了铝的上述致病性。
白矾作为 净水剂 和 食物膨发剂 与人们的日常生活最为密切相关
那么 今天 以后 我们还可以用白矾 净化水 和 炸油条吗？
余下 搜索了 美国食药局 和 世卫组织有关委员会的官方结论如下：
白矾 在正常小剂量下的食用 是安全的 ！
当然，任何元素和物质的超量滥用都是有毒害的
另外 每人个体病康状态也须自我考虑在内
不言而喻，需因人而异。
那么，多少是正常的参考剂量呢？ 读了下文，您就明白了。
明矾，白矾
ALUMINIUM POTASSIUM SULFATE；
POTASSIUM ALUM；
ALUMINIUM POTASSIUM SULFATE DODECAHYDRATE;
英文称呼及别称，三名同一物
又称 钾铝矾、铝明矾、钾矾、明矾、生矾，是含有结晶水的硫酸钾和硫酸铝的复盐，化学式为
KAl(SO4)2·12H2O
十二水合硫酸鋁鉀
有抗菌、收敛作用等，可用做中药，归肺、脾、肝、大肠经，
明矾还可用于制备铝盐、发酵粉、油漆、鞣料、澄清剂、媒染剂、造纸、防水剂等，
还可用于食品添加剂。
溶于水时，起水解作用而生成氢氧化铝胶状沉淀。
受热时失去结晶水而成白色粉末（烧明矾）。
膨化剂
炸油条（饼）或膨化食品时，若在面粉里加入小苏打后，再加入明矾，
则会加快二氧化碳的产生，大大加快了膨化的速度。这样就可以使油条（饼）
在热油锅中一下子就鼓起来，得到香脆可口的油条（饼）了。
用作净水剂
明矾溶于水后电离产生了Al3 ，Al3 与水电离产生的OHˉ结合生成了氢氧化铝，
氢氧化铝胶体粒子带有正电荷，与带负电的泥沙胶粒相遇，彼此电荷被中和。
失去了电荷的胶粒，很快就会聚结在一起，粒子越结越大，终于沉入水底。
这样，水就变得清澈干净了。
中国最大产地为浙江温州苍南县矾山镇矾矿 储量占世界总量89% ？？
氢氧化铝 是 治胃病的常用药，被广泛应用了至少百年。
危害
明矾中的铝不是人体需要的微量元素，被人食用后，
过量摄入会影响人体对铁、钙等成分的吸收，
食品禁用
中国早在20世纪80年代就曾禁止过铝制餐具的使用及明矾作为食品添加剂，
中国国家卫计委等五部门规定，从2014年7月1日开始，
馒头、发糕等面制品(除油炸面制品、挂浆用的面糊、裹粉、煎炸粉外)
不能添加含铝膨松剂硫酸铝钾和硫酸铝铵，也就是俗称的“明矾”，
复合型膨松剂(即泡打粉)的主要成分也是上述两种物质。
膨化食品中，不再允许使用任何含铝食品添加剂。
？？？
US-FDA
Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Aluminum salts
GRAS Substances = generally regarded as safe substances
一般 总体认为是安全的物质
In the light of the foregoing, the Select Committee concludes that:
- There is no evidence in the available information on aluminum ammonium sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum sodium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, acidic sodium aluminum phosphate, basic sodium aluminum phosphate, and aluminum hydroxide that demonstrates, or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect, a hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are now current or that might reasonably be expected in the future.
- No consumption or biological information is available on aluminum oleate, aluminum palmitate, sodium aluminate, and sodium phosphoaluminate. However, there are no reasonable grounds to suspect a hazard to the public when they are consumed at the levels that are likely if these substances should migrate from paper and paperboard used as food packaging materials; or that might reasonably occur when they are used for this purpose in the future.
Aluminum salts
| GRAS Substance | ID Code | 21 CFR Section |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum ammonium sulfate | 7784-26-1 | 182.1127 |
| Aluminum hydroxide | 21645-51-2 | 182.90 |
| Aluminum oleate (packaging) | 688-37-9 | |
| Aluminum palmitate (packaging) | 555-35-1 | |
| Aluminum potassium sulfate | 7784-24-9 | 182.1129 |
| Aluminum sodium sulfate | 7784-28-3 | 182.1131 |
| Aluminum sulfate | 10043-01-3 | 182.1125 |
| Sodium aluminate (packaging) | 11138-49-1 | |
| Sodium aluminum phosphate, acidic | 7785-88-8 | 182.1781 |
| Sodium aluminum phosphate, basic | 7785-88-8 | 182.1781 |
| Sodium phosphoaluminate (packaging) | 11138-49-1 |
SCOGS Opinion:
Aluminum and its salts are found in varying amounts in nearly all foods. In addition to the aluminum occurring
naturally in foods, man can be exposed to the aluminum added to foods, to that in aluminum antacids he may take,
and to that from aluminum cooking vessels. It has been estimated that the daily aluminum intake for man from
all dietary sources can range from 10 to 100 mg per day and that of this amount, the intake from aluminum
compounds added to food may average about 20 mg per day, about 75 percent of which is in the form of
sodium aluminum phosphate. In relation to body weight, these amounts are less than those needed to
produce toxic responses in experimental animals. It should be noted, however, that this amount may
be considerably increased by the consumption of aluminum-containing antacids.
When aluminum salts are ingested in excessive amounts, their toxicity appears to be associated with
interference in phosphorus metabolism resulting in rachitic or osteomalacic effects, kidney damage, and
interference with glucose metabolism, apparently due to interference with phosphorylating enzymes.
These effects are reduced and controlled by maintaining sufficient phosphorus in the diet and are exacerbated
by kidney dysfunction.
Clearly, dietary phosphorus level is a controlling factor, and care should be taken by patients with kidney
disease when consuming food containg high levels of aluminum salts. The high intake of phosphorus in
the American diet may provide a protective effects, especially in persons who consume large amounts of
aluminum antacid preparations that do not contains phosphorus. However, since high phosphate intakes
cannot be assured for specific individuals at all times, and since there is some evidence that persons with
kidney disease may be at risk, appropriate labeling or other means to indicate the possibility of such
hazards may warrant consideration.
The Select Committee has found no relevant toxicologic studies on aluminum oleate, aluminum palmitate,
sodium aluminate, and sodium phosphoaluminate (substances that may migrate to food from paper
packaging materials). But the nature of the inorganic compounds at least does not suggest that,
ingested in such small amounts, they would have a different effect than the other aluminum compounds
considered in this report, all of which exhibit low orders of toxicity. Even in the absence of direct evidence,
it cannot be concluded that the use of any of these compounds in packaging materials would have
any likelihood of being hazardous.
https://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/gras/scogs/ucm260848.htm
世卫组织
Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
