防治高血压,为什么不要吃得太咸?

食盐的摄入量与高血压、脑卒中等心脑血管疾病存在剂量-效应关系。所以减少食盐摄入量一直被视为防治高血压与其他心血管病的重要措施之一。一般来讲,每人每天吃盐的总量不应超过6克(大约一啤酒瓶盖),吃盐过多可能会增加高血压的风险。然而,每日摄入适量食盐对于维护人体正常的生理功能是所必需的,过度限制钠盐摄入量对于部分人群可能弊大于利。

目前我国居民食盐摄入量普遍过高,北方地区平均为12~16 g/d,南方地区8~12 g/d。研究表明,我国近60%高血压患者盐敏感(就是说吃盐后血压会明显升高),父母有高血压的青少年约40%盐敏感。因此,高盐摄入与盐敏感性是我国高血压的重要流行病学特征,控制食盐摄入量对于我国人口具有更为重要的意义。正因如此,在我国大力提倡限制食盐摄入量是合理的,对于高血压患者以及高血压前期人群尤为如此。在限制钠盐摄入方面,不仅要降低“显性食盐”(即做菜用的盐)的摄入,也要降低“隐形盐”(包括味精、酱油、腌制食物等)的摄入。减少“隐形盐”的摄入是降低人均钠盐摄入量的关键措施之一。习惯重口味是导致高血压的常见原因。

需要指出的是,对于饮食量较小、体质较弱的老年人,过于严格的控制食盐可能会导致低钠血症。条件允许的话,每年做一两次基本体检有助于指导正确的限盐。

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