糟糕的浪漫

我喜欢无聊的事情。而且,我只做我喜欢的事情。
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糟糕的浪漫

——略谈艾略特的《阿尔弗瑞德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》的两个著名的译本

*

最近读到王佐良《读诗随笔》中对艾略特的介绍。王先生说:“针对浪漫派的优美音调,他选择了无韵的自由诗作为主要形式,其风格特点是散文化、口语化。针对浪漫派的黄昏、月亮、玫瑰之类,他用新的形象去震惊读者。”这样概括艾略特的诗歌我认为是没有问题的,但接下来他引用了查良镛先生的翻译作为证明,这就很有问题了。因为读到查先生翻译的“朝天空慢慢铺展着黄昏”这样的句子,我很有些困惑。这样的诗句不正似乎是艾略特所反对的浪漫派的黄昏吗?它有着一种《青年文摘》或《少女之友》式的浪漫。尽管这样的浪漫今天充斥中文诗歌的创作和翻译,并总能引发像伤风一样广泛而轻易的感动和喜爱。于是,我找来艾略特的原诗和查先生的完整译文对照研究了一下。因为这首诗比较长,所以我们只分析第一段的翻译吧。

Let us go then, you and I,
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table;
Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,
The muttering retreats
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:
Streets that follow like a tedious argument
Of insidious intent
To lead you to an overwhelming question…
Oh, do not ask, “What is it?”
Let us go and make our visit.

查译:

那么我们走吧,你我两个人,
正当朝天空慢慢铺展着黄昏
好似病人麻醉在手术桌上;
我们走吧,穿过一些半清冷的街,
那儿休憩的场所正人声喋喋;
有夜夜不宁的下等歇夜旅店
和满地蚌壳的铺锯末的饭馆;
街连着街,好象一场讨厌的争议
带着阴险的意图
要把你引向一个重大的问题……
唉,不要问,"那是什么?"
让我们快点去作客。

 

*

仅就第一段来看,艾略特的原文的确像王佐良先生介绍的那样。比如第一句,它很优美,但不是一种浪漫主义的优美,而是一种非常现代的感觉。究其原因在于艾略特所选用的词汇,这里的词不仅都简单,完全口语化,而且值得注意的是,没有一个形容词。所以自然不会有查先生的所谓的“慢慢铺展着黄昏”这样的浪漫了。在我看来甚至我们都不应该选用有着形容色彩的“黄昏”一词来翻译“evening”,如果我们真正的理解了艾略特的诗意的秘密。但这还不是全部。想要获得艾略特的这种现代的诗意仅仅简单是远远不够的。在艾略特貌似简单的句子里其实是很有技巧的。首先,他以一种呼唤的语气开始:Let us go then,随即接着补充:you and I,虽然非常简单但具有了一种亲切甚至是伤感的情感。这两个分句都非常简洁,但简洁中又有着长短错落的节奏。而这里选用的词的声音都比较短。接下来他又用了一个舒缓的长句,“When the evening is spread out against the sky”,用词虽然仍然是最普通的,但声音较为长而平静。所以,这样就产生出诗的节奏和声音,那是一种冷清平静中透露出伤感的诗意。而这又是另一个著名翻译裘小龙的译本没有能够体现出来的。

裘译:

那么让我们走吧,我和你,
当暮色蔓延在天际
象一个病人上了乙醚,躺在手术台上;
让我们走吧,穿过某些半是冷落的街,
不安息的夜喃喃有声地撤退,
撤入只宿一宵的便宜旅店,
以及满地锯末和牡蛎壳的饭馆:
紧随的一条条街象一场用心险恶的
冗长的争执,
把你带向一个使人不知所措的问题……
噢,别问,“那是什么?”
让我们走,让我们去作客。

裘小龙接下来的一句翻译的太短了,是语气的短促。这使得裘译的这两句诗显得有些潦草而缺乏感情,和艾略特原诗的气质相去甚远。“evening”译成“暮色”过于文雅。evening是一个非常普通非常口语的词。而且,把evening翻译成暮色恐怕也不甚准确。“天际”的翻译存在同样的问题。

艾略特随后用了一个非常突兀、冷硬的手术台上已经麻醉的病人的意象与诗歌的起始形成了强烈的对比。而裘小龙这一句的翻译不仅比较罗嗦,甚至显得不伦不类。乙醚是吸入麻醉的,而不是“上药”。“etherized”的准确翻译应该是“被麻醉了的”。同样,在前面艾略特特说的是:you and I,那么,为什么?凭什么?有什么必要要把它翻译成“我和你”呢?

为了研究这一段的翻译我特地买了裘小龙的译作《四个四重奏》。然而,对着原文一读这首诗的翻译,我就颇为后悔买下这本书了。像这样的“象一个病人上了乙醚”、“让我们去作客”的翻译网上找找就可以了。而且我又对照看了一下四个四重奏的第一段的翻译,也是让人不满意的。可是,他的这个翻译好像已经成为了今天这首诗的标准译本。在王先生的同一篇文章里也被引用。

Time present and time past
Are both perhaps present in time future
And time future contained in time past.
If all time is eternally present
All time is unredeemable.

裘译:

时间现在和时间过去
也许都存在于时间将来,
而时间将来包容于时间过去。
如果时间都永远是现在,
所有的时间都不能得到拯救。

我的翻译:

时间的现在和时间的过去
都是也许存在于时间的未来
而时间的未来包容着时间的过去。
假若全部的时间是永恒的现在
全部的时间便无法救赎。
 

 

*

我们再看第三行的“Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets”和最后一行“Let us go and make our visit”“let us go”的结构变化了。这种变化在查先生的译本中消失了,而裘小龙注意到这里有一个逐渐加强的催促的感觉,因此他做了这样的处理把第三行的“let us go”翻译成:“让我们走吧”,而最后的“let us go”翻译成“让我们走”。裘小龙的翻译在这里显示出中文独特的优势。英文似乎没有别的办法。所以,裘的这个处理也是可以接受的。但两人把“half-deserted”翻译成“半清冷”和“半是冷落“则或许就属于对艾略特的理解的问题。并且,冷落似乎比冷清更不恰当。我认为这里应该翻译成“几近荒废”。因为艾略特认为现代文明是一片荒原。而查先生把“certain”翻译成“一些”是错译。同样,第四、五行查先生也译错了。这两行非常值得深入的讨论一下。

 

*

The muttering retreats
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
 

我认为这一句的结构是:The muttering Of restless nights retreats in one-night cheap hotels And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells。裘小龙意识到了这种结构的变化,于是在翻译中把语序调整过来了。可是在翻译中仍然出错了。裘小龙的翻译是:不安息的夜喃喃有声地撤退。The muttering Of restless nights似乎应该是夜晚的喃喃声retreats进了廉价旅馆。意指随着夜幕降临城市街道的喧嚣变成了屋子里的喃喃声。

“Retreat”这里不应该翻译成“撤退”。我过去在研究所时,国外的研究所每年都会组织一次retreat。就是暂时停下工作,去一个风景优美的地方好吃好玩,修整放松一下。可是,在好吃好玩的同时还要开组会,报告你的工作进展,描述你的工作的未来的美好前景。西方人对于科学思想文化艺术的追求其实是非常执着的。所以这里“retreat”翻译成撤退是不太合适的,此处的本意就是“退入”。但这不是最重要的。最重要的是艾略特这里创造了一个特殊的结构,而我们的翻译中这种把这种特殊的立体结构给撸顺了。它变成了一根顺溜的棍子的结构了。而这样的事情其实是在我们的翻译中屡屡的发生着。好像我们只有把西方诗歌的复杂结构都给撸成一根根棍子才开心,那才是诗歌。可是,这样我们就永远不能体会出那些伟大诗人们所创造的这种美妙的叙事结构。我们只能醉心于一根根光溜溜的棍子了。

其实,我们的祖先在唐朝就已经开始了这种非线性的表达结构的尝试。在杜审言之前唐朝诗歌的叙述结构多是线性的,而杜审言在极为简短的五言之中,发展出一种非线性的回复式的叙述结构。他的孙子杜甫又把这种非线性的叙述结构进一步完善,并且扩展到七律。比如这一句:“绾雾青条弱,牵风紫蔓长”就改变了线性叙述结构,而且还使它具有了歧义性,可以说是“柔嫩的绿枝如缠绕的烟雾”,也可以说是清烟似的云雾缠绕着的绿枝使绿色的嫩枝显得更加柔弱。同样在短短的结构中,“攒石当轩倚,悬泉度牖飞”出现了多重的动词,达到一种独特的效果。于是,如果我们仅仅从叙事的结构来考虑,像这一句“白露含明月”,就可以有不同的表达方式的可能。我们可以改写为“露白明月含”,也可以说“白露含月明”。所以,杜甫虽然性格非常温厚,活着的时候不仅官运糟透了还一直只是一个二流的诗人,但说过一句非常牛的话,他说,唐朝的诗歌是他们老杜家的事情。这要在今天肯定会让许多人嘲笑或不屑了。而且,在西方的诗歌中还经常会有一些更突兀的结构,或者更复杂的表达,即便是英美读者在读到时一下子也想不明白,他们要停下来想一想。而如果我们把这些难以理解的句子都翻成了容易理解的句子,那么我们翻译的就不再是西方的诗歌,而是消除西方的诗歌。所以,这里我试着保留艾略特的原来的结构,尽管可能会让习惯了欣赏棍子的读者感到别扭可笑。

嘟囔的声音退进了
发自那些躁动的夜晚廉价夜宿的旅店

随后的一行两个译者的理解有所不同。“Streets that follow”。查译:“街连着街”;裘译:“紧随的一条条街”。查良镛的理解似乎是错的。而倒数第二行中的“overwhelming question”,裘小龙译为“使人不知所措的问题”,怎么会有不知所措的含义呢?如果是使人不知所措,那么与下一句就有了矛盾。既然不知所措,就不会急着喝止不让回答。查良镛译为“重大的问题”倒有些道理,可是与接下来一句的情急中的制止也缺乏内在合理性。所以,我认为这里的“overwhelming question”是指迎面而来、压倒性的问题,即“无法回避的问题”。

 

*

我的翻译:

那让我们走吧,你和我,
当傍晚沿着天空开始散开
像麻醉的病人在手术台上;
让我们走,穿过某些几近荒废的街巷
嘟囔的声音退进了
发自那些躁动的夜晚廉价的夜宿旅店
和满地锯末的餐馆到处散落着牡蛎壳
街巷尾随其后像冗长烦人的争论
带着阴险的意图
要把你引向一个无法回避的问题
噢,别问,“这是什么?”
让我们走且去完成我们的造访。

 

*

关于“sawdust restaurant”这个词,我们可能会觉得有些奇怪。英文中还有一个词组,spit-and- sawdust ,形容脏乱的环境。所以,这样你可能就容易理解,sawdust restaurant指的是脏乱的小酒馆。

实际上,早先大约在19世纪末,美国许多餐馆还有肉铺都流行在地上铺撒木屑。当时有专门的商人出售木屑给这些地方。那时美国的餐馆主要是男人用餐。屋子里烟雾弥漫,灯光刺眼,地上铺着脏兮兮的锯末,墙上桌子上都油腻腻的。那些木屑容易着火,又滋生细菌。后来随着现代卫生学的发展,越来越多的人呼吁不要往地上撒木屑了。但是,积重难返。到了40年代美国出现了一些针对女性顾客的餐馆,那里采用了不撒木屑的清洁的地板和干净的墙面,柔和的光线,优雅的音乐,但这样的典雅的环境不曾想反倒刺激了传统餐馆坚持铺撒木屑以及在室内使用刺眼的强光和轰响的音乐,造成阳刚的风格和女性餐馆相区别以吸引男性顾客。结果这个明显不好的习惯却始终难以根除,屡禁不止最后竟然要FDA,即大名鼎鼎的美国药品、食品监督管理局,亲自出马,以法律形式禁止餐饮业地面铺撒木屑的做法。这真令人吃惊,而且这一禁令竟然是在1976年才颁布的。我在读这首诗时对这个词也是一头雾水不知道是怎么回事。虽然在美国也生活过几年,而且可以拍着我的良心说,那几年出去吃饭我去的地方可都是下等的小餐馆,但也从来不知道还有这么一档子事。时代变化真是越来越快。人们越来越忙着向前看而模糊了历史。许多以前习以为常的东西新一代人就会完全不知道了。我总觉得未来的机器人可能不会对考古和研究历史有什么兴趣。几年前在悉尼时,我曾遇到过一个医科院的大男孩。美澳医科院的孩子可都是层层选拔高智商超勤奋的人才。可是,这个头脑简单的大男孩听到我每天晚上要洗许多碗时感到很困惑。因为,这个傻孩子以为这个世界上从新石器时代起家家户户每天晚上大吃大喝之后就把杯子盘子碗碟子刀叉筷勺往洗碗机里一塞,然后一按开关就可以抱着可乐去看电视了。不过,当年美国男人就愿意去地上铺上脏兮兮木屑的餐厅,我倒也可以理解。男人嘛,都是很粗糙的。我自己就喜欢坐在油腻腻脏兮兮的小铺子里吃碗炒肝或者驴肉火烧,再来上一盘驴闷子和一碗冒着热气的驴杂汤,感觉驴真的很不幸,而生活真的太美好。总之,吃哪儿哪儿香。太干净的餐厅吃饭就没味道了。所以,穷有穷的乐趣,花钱也不一定能买到。这不是钱的事,要有足够的修养。

就像现在我又发展到自己用手洗衣服,觉得别有乐趣。时代在加速向前发展,而我在迈着平稳的步子向相反的方向走去,走回到过去,感觉超神奇。我并不喜欢与时俱进。和时代唱反调吗?这不是复古的情调。我不喜欢这两个太小资的词汇。我喜欢一个更粗旷的表达:这是倒行逆施的快乐。藐视庸俗的成功,追求失败的快乐。人固有一死。这也是一种人生的自由。当然啦,我承认我说的都是半玩笑。

 

*

So let us go now, just you and I,
When the evening is spread out against the sky.

让我们走吧,只有你和我,
当彩霞在天际开始燃烧,
让我们走,脚踏大地,
走进深夜的画幕,手拉手。
夜晚城市的灯火,曾像银河一样
在我们的周围闪烁。
 

 


2018/12/3

 

 

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

T. S. Eliot, 1888 - 1965

     S’io credesse che mia risposta fosse
     A persona che mai tornasse al mondo,
     Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse.
     Ma perciocche giammai di questo fondo
     Non torno vivo alcun, s’i’odo il vero,
     Senza tema d’infamia ti rispondo.

Let us go then, you and I,
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table;
Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,
The muttering retreats
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:
Streets that follow like a tedious argument
Of insidious intent
To lead you to an overwhelming question…
Oh, do not ask, “What is it?”
Let us go and make our visit.

In the room the women come and go
Talking of Michelangelo.

The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes,
The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes
Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,
Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,
Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,
Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,
And seeing that it was a soft October night,
Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.

And indeed there will be time
For the yellow smoke that slides along the street,
Rubbing its back upon the window-panes;
There will be time, there will be time
To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet;
There will be time to murder and create,
And time for all the works and days of hands
That lift and drop a question on your plate;
Time for you and time for me,
And time yet for a hundred indecisions,
And for a hundred visions and revisions,
Before the taking of a toast and tea.

In the room the women come and go
Talking of Michelangelo.

And indeed there will be time
To wonder, “Do I dare?” and, “Do I dare?”
Time to turn back and descend the stair,
With a bald spot in the middle of my hair—
[They will say: “How his hair is growing thin!”]
My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin,
My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin—
[They will say: “But how his arms and legs are thin!”]
Do I dare
Disturb the universe?
In a minute there is time
For decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse.

For I have known them all already, known them all—
Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons,
I have measured out my life with coffee spoons;
I know the voices dying with a dying fall
Beneath the music from a farther room.
     So how should I presume?

And I have known the eyes already, known them all—
The eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase,
And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,
When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall,
Then how should I begin
To spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways?
     And how should I presume?

And I have known the arms already, known them all—
Arms that are braceleted and white and bare
[But in the lamplight, downed with light brown hair!]
Is it perfume from a dress
That makes me so digress?
Arms that lie along a table, or wrap about a shawl.
     And should I then presume?
     And how should I begin?

          . . . . .

Shall I say, I have gone at dusk through narrow streets
And watched the smoke that rises from the pipes
Of lonely men in shirt-sleeves, leaning out of windows? …

I should have been a pair of ragged claws
Scuttling across the floors of silent seas.

          . . . . .

And the afternoon, the evening, sleeps so peacefully!
Smoothed by long fingers,
Asleep… tired… or it malingers,
Stretched on the floor, here beside you and me.
Should I, after tea and cakes and ices,
Have the strength to force the moment to its crisis?
But though I have wept and fasted, wept and prayed,
Though I have seen my head [grown slightly bald] brought in upon a platter,
I am no prophet—and here’s no great matter;
I have seen the moment of my greatness flicker,
And I have seen the eternal Footman hold my coat, and snicker,
And in short, I was afraid.

And would it have been worth it, after all,
After the cups, the marmalade, the tea,
Among the porcelain, among some talk of you and me,
Would it have been worth while,
To have bitten off the matter with a smile,
To have squeezed the universe into a ball
To roll it toward some overwhelming question,
To say: “I am Lazarus, come from the dead,
Come back to tell you all, I shall tell you all”—
If one, settling a pillow by her head,
     Should say: “That is not what I meant at all.
     That is not it, at all.”

And would it have been worth it, after all,
Would it have been worth while,
After the sunsets and the dooryards and the sprinkled streets,
After the novels, after the teacups, after the skirts that trail along the floor—
And this, and so much more?—
It is impossible to say just what I mean!
But as if a magic lantern threw the nerves in patterns on a screen:
Would it have been worth while
If one, settling a pillow or throwing off a shawl,
And turning toward the window, should say:
     “That is not it at all,
     That is not what I meant, at all.”

          . . . . .

No! I am not Prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be;
Am an attendant lord, one that will do
To swell a progress, start a scene or two,
Advise the prince; no doubt, an easy tool,
Deferential, glad to be of use,
Politic, cautious, and meticulous;
Full of high sentence, but a bit obtuse;
At times, indeed, almost ridiculous—
Almost, at times, the Fool.

I grow old… I grow old…
I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled.

Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare to eat a peach?
I shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach.
I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each.

I do not think that they will sing to me.

I have seen them riding seaward on the waves
Combing the white hair of the waves blown back
When the wind blows the water white and black.

We have lingered in the chambers of the sea
By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown
Till human voices wake us, and we drown.

 

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