Rongqing Dai
Abstract
Earthlings have long been assured by the scientific community that our civilization has been constructed on a solid foundation of mathematically ascertained natural laws and unchallengeable theories of physics. However, since 2021 the author has shown to the world that as the scientific foundation of human civilization, modern physics suffers seriously not only in the faultiness of some assumed unchallengeable theories or well known equations, but also in the cracks of fundamental natural laws. This article briefly summarizes some lofty scientific theories that the author either systematically overturned or exposed their defects and errors since 2021.
Keywords: Cracking Foundation, Physics, Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Euler, Newton
1. Introduction
Science and technology have been deemed as the pillars of human civilization. While modern technologies might be traced back to human ingenious inventions around the world of millenniums ago, what is now called as modern sciences has been considered as started pretty much with the establishment of the mathematical framework of Newtonian dynamics, on tops of which physicists have developed various conservation laws. In late 19th century and the turn of 20th century, the scientific community even invented things like relativity and some other fancy things through their imaginations. With all those scientific laws as well as some scientifically creative inventions, earthlings have been assured by the scientific community that our civilization has been constructed on a solid foundation of mathematically ascertained natural laws and unchallengeable theories of physics. However, since 2021 the author has not only debunked some fancy scientific imaginations, exposed the cracks in the theoretical foundation of quantum physics, discovered errors in some well known equations, but also demonstrated with undeniable examples of the loopholes in the conservation laws as well as the Newtonian dynamics.
2. A List of Foundational Theories That Have Been Proved Wrong or Cracking
In this section we will review a list of theories that have been treated as scientific pillars, some of them forcibly declared as untouchable, but have been proved either completely wrong, seriously wrong, problematic, basically wrong, or basically correct but with cracks.
2.1. Special relativity
Special relativity is completely wrong not only because the two postulates on which it is based are wrong but also because its reasoning logic violates the fundamental principle of symmetry, its views of space and time, cause and effect, speed limit etc are all wrong [[1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6]], and it has never been verified by any experiment [[7],[8],[9]]; accordingly, its famous mass and energy relationship E= mc2 needs to be revised as E= mc2/2[[10]].
2.2. General relativity
Unlike special relativity, general relativity is not completely wrong because it has some empirical bases, such as the imitation of the actual path of light in the gravitational field and the reflection of the similarity between the general linear acceleration motion and the acceleration motion under the action of gravity, which is the reason why general relativity has been verified by real world observations on some occasions.
However, general relativity not only takes special relativity as one of its bases but also uses the same wrong logic as special relativity in thinking about relative motions [[11]]. Relevantly, the metric tensor which is the key component of the field equations, the core content of general relativity, is only an approximate tensor under the condition of low speed and low gravity. This means that the so-called metric tensor in the black hole theories, the main applications of general relativity, is not a tensor at all. Besides, the claim by general relativity because of special relativity that the speed of gravity is the same as the speed of light simply cannot hold true [[12]].
2.3. The theoretical foundation of quantum physics
The disproval of special relativity will certainly affect quantum physics because the latter has been largely developed on top of the former. A typical example is the need of revising the formula of de Broglie wavelength as demonstrated by Dai [[13]]; however, the problems with the theoretical foundation of quantum mechanics are far more than just the need to correct the de Broglie wavelength and also go far beyond the impact of special relativity. The following are some of the flaws or errors in the foundation of quantum mechanics that I have pointed out over the past few years.
2.3.1. The genetic defect of Schrödinger’s cat
Although Schrödinger’s cat has long become a household name in popular culture worldwide, its real significance lies in the so-called measurement problem that still plagues the community of quantum researchers today [[14]]. However, as Dai pointed out in 2023 [[15]], the concept of Schrödinger’s cat itself is logically flawed. Accordingly, although Schrödinger devised his cat in order to question the use of the probability wave by the Copenhagen School to interpret his famous equation, the researches on the so-called quantum mechanics measurement problem triggered by Schrödinger’s cat has logical flaws from the very beginning, despite that the quantum mechanics community has invested tremendous energy trying to resolve the issue in the past few decades and still struggle with it even up to today.
2.3.2. The empirically rootless Schrödinger equation and Dirac equation
Both the Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation are deemed as the basic equations of quantum mechanics.
However, as Dai pointed out in 2024 [[16],[17]], the Schrödinger equation is not strictly derived from classical mechanics as he tried to make people believe, but is largely constructed in a heuristic manner; in other words, it does not have an empirical basis. Its subsequent applications in quantum mechanics have not been able to provide it with a reliable empirical basis either, largely because shortly after the publication of the Schrödinger equation, its basic meaning was modified by Born of the Copenhagen School to be an equation about the so-called probability waves, and the Schrödinger cat mentioned above was designed by Schrödinger in protest of the Copenhagen School’s reinterpretation of his equation, which caused the so-called measurement problem mentioned earlier. That is to say, the admired empirical basis of the Schrödinger equation so far is only limited to his fictitious relationship with classical mechanics that does not exist.
On the other hand, the Copenhagen’s reinterpretation of the meaning of the Schrödinger equation itself lacks a sound logical basis either. They simply took an equation that someone else claimed to be derived through continuous classical mechanics and said, “Oh, let’s change its meaning to probabilistic”, and their only basis of doing so seemed to be that they found certain experimental phenomena needed to be comprehended probabilistically, rather than that they could actually deduce the Schrödinger equation for probability waves from any empirical basis.
Concerning Dirac equation, as Dai briefly discussed in one of the papers given above about the Schrödinger equation [17], the fact that the derivation of the Dirac equation is based on the special relativity has already planted the seeds of errors. As for the predictions of the up and down spins of electrons and the anti-electron (positron) by Dirac equation, as claimed by the community of physics with high admiration, they are actually not the results of rigorous derivations as people might normally assume. The so-called up and down spins of electrons appear in the solution of Dirac equation because Dirac artificially adopted the so-called Pauli rotation matrices during the derivation process. This, of course, is a viable way to solve the equation, but his solution is applicable to any charged particle moving around a central point of opposite charge, and the electron in the hydrogen atom orbiting around the nucleus just happens to fit into this pattern. As for the so-called prediction of anti-electron (positron), it is because his quadratic equation has two solutions, positive one and negative one, and people interpreted it as predicting the existence of anti-electron (positron)…. Besides, like the Schrödinger equation, Dirac equation was derived from continuous Hamiltonian classical mechanics, which makes it, like Schrödinger equation, destined to be incompatible with the Copenhagen interpretation.
2.3.3. The Copenhagen Interpretation
In the case of Schrodinger equation, as mentioned earlier, the Copenhagen reinterpretation had no strict logical basis at all, and thus left behind the so-called measurement problem that even Noble Laureate Penrose considered unsolvable. In fact, Copenhagen’s problems do not stop there. One of more serious problems may be highlighted by the 2023 Nobel Prize in physics: the laureates of 2023 Nobel Prize in physics could capture the motion of electrons with considerable accuracy in their experiments, from which we can conclude, as Dai analyzed in 2023 [[18]], that the famous Heisenberg uncertainty principle, one of the core elements of the Copenhagen school, is utterly invalidated.
2.3.4. The standard model of fundamental particles
The standard model of fundamental particles is pretty much built entirely on the basis of Schrödinger equation and Dirac equation, mediated by group theory. It is basically a large structure of mathematical models. In 2024, Dai [[19] ] overturned a conclusion of the standard model that the decay of the muon is completely mediated by the so-called weak force. The theory behind that conclusion does not only require the special theory of relativity in its derivation, but also rely on the relativistic claim that the lifetime of the muon is prolonged by its speed of motion in comparison to the lifetime of the so-called muon at rest. However, the so-called muons at rest used for comparison are those whose speed is rapidly reduced from close to the speed of light to zero by colliding with some medium. Obviously, this shows that the claim that the speed of motion prolongs the lifetime of a muon is completely false, and the truth is that the collision between the muon and the medium accelerates the decay of the muon. Since the collision force between particles belongs to the electromagnetic force, this directly negates the conclusion that the decay of the muon is completely mediated by the weak force as stated in the standard model.
2.4. Euler’s equations of rigid body dynamics
The finding that Euler’s equations of rigid body dynamics are wrong surprised me the most because rigid body dynamics is a discipline with hundreds of years of history as part of the foundation of physics and engineering. How could it be possible for Euler’s equations as the very basic equations of rigid body dynamics to be wrong? Unfortunately, this is not only possible, but also a reality. In the paper discussing why Euler’s equations are wrong [[20] ], Dai also discussed the possible reason why the incorrectness of such widely used equations could evade scrutiny for hundreds of years.
2.5. Examples of violating the conservation laws of momentum and energy
The incorrectness of Euler’s equations of rigid body mechanics caught my attention because of my finding that Euler’s equations used by mainstream academics to explain the Dzhanibekov effect actually leading to the violation of the conservation of angular momentum, while the Euler’s equations are derived from the conservation of angular momentum. So something must be wrong. After careful investigations, it is found that Euler’s equations of rigid body mechanics are actually wrong.
However, as Dai pointed out [[21]] that, from the videos of the Dzhanibekov effect recorded by astronauts from different countries at different times in different space stations, it can be seen clearly that the Dzhanibekov effect itself actually breaks the conservation law of angular momentum, and this has nothing to do with the incorrectness of Euler’s equations or any other equations. The key issue here is that the total angular momentum changes during the motion of the Dzhanibekov effect while we cannot find any external force that could account for the change.
I do not rule out the possibility that there might be some physical force in the microgravity environment of the space station that is completely unknown to humans and causes the Dzhanibekov effect. However, before we can find the relevant force, I can only attribute it to an example of breaking the conservation of angular momentum.
In the meantime, because we can mathematically work out the conservation of angular momentum as long as the conservation of momentum is valid, the violation of the conservation of angular momentum would logically lead to the violation of the conservation of momentum; besides, because the conservation of momentum is directly inferred from Newton’s second law, the violation of the conservation of momentum would lead to the violation of Newton’s second law.
Furthermore, since the law of energy conservation was initially developed by Emilie Du Châtele based on Newton’s second law, the violation of the conservation of angular momentum would ring the alarm bell for energy conservation. As a matter of fact, we do have witnessed the violation of the energy conservation in the Dzhanibekov effect videos when the extra flipping kinetic energy occurs without responsible sources.
In fact, contrary to the scientific belief for the past centuries that energy should always be strictly conserved, in 2021 Dai demonstrated with two macroscopic examples [[22],[23]] how energy conservation had been actually violated in nature and in human engineering practices. In 2022 Dai [[24]] also proposed a structural design that could potentially violate energy conservation in the macroscopic world.
3. Final Remarks
The severity of the errors of above mentioned theories and the degree of their impact on current human science varies. The most serious errors that have the greatest impact on current physics are those of the special theory of relativity, followed by the errors in quantum theories, the errors in general relativity, and the errors in the Euler equations of rigid body dynamics and the incompleteness of the conservations of momentum and energy. The reason why the errors of the special theory of relativity are the most serious is that the theory is completely wrong, and it directly affects the correctness of quantum mechanics and general relativity. As for quantum physics, although humans have made many progresses in quantum experiments, errors in quantum theories not only will seriously consume precious funds, but also could mislead quantum experiments to a considerable extent. As for the errors in general relativity, the main impact would be on cosmology and astrophysics; although this will not directly affect other current scientific and engineering practices on Earth, it will not only mislead the researches in cosmology and astrophysics, but also waste the academic careers of many young students.
As for the wrongness of Euler’s equations of rigid body dynamics, on a first thought, one might assume that it should have the largest impact on human daily activities among the errors discussed in this article given the wide applications of rigid body dynamics. But on the other hand, since they have been wrong for the past 260 years without getting any attention, it shows that either the errors they cause in practical applications are usually not large, or there are some mechanisms in engineering practices that could offset the errors they cause to a considerable extent in most cases.
However, since Euler’s equations of rigid body dynamics are wrong, the errors caused by their incorrectness would be magnified when some right conditions occur, and the analysis of Dzhanibekov effect by mainstream academics using Euler’s equations of rigid body mechanics is an example. On the surface, it seems that they just failed to correctly predict the situation of I2>I1=I3 or I2<I1=I3; after all, they seem to have correctly predicted that the rotation around the intermediate axis would create an anomaly when I1<I2<I3. However, in fact, because they are satisfied with the seemingly correct results given by the wrong Euler’s equations, they have long missed the recognition that angular momentum may not always be conserved and also caused corresponding confusion in the academic community (such as trying to explain the change of total angular momentum with internal forces by famous scholars). This is a real loss for science.
As for the fact that the conservation laws of momentum and energy do not always strictly hold true as people have thought in the past few hundred years, so far its influence seems to be limited to a few very special cases such as the Dzhanibekov effect; nevertheless, its real significance could be much more profound than we humans currently can imagine. It might mean that the entirety of the existing human scientific knowledge is just a small turf outside the door of a huge field.
References
The Cracking Foundation of Earth Civilization
[[1]]Dai, R. (2022). The Fall of Special Relativity and the Absoluteness of Space and Time. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363582341_The_Fall_of_Special_Relativity_and_The_Absoluteness_of_Space_and_Time
[[2]]Dai, R. (2022). Absolute Space and Time versus Aether or Cosmic Center. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363795935_Absolute_Space_and_Time_versus_Aether_or_Cosmic_Center_Rongqing_Dai
[[3]]Dai, R. (2022). What is Time? Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366723983_What_Is_Time
[[4]]Dai, R. (2023). The Faulty System of Relativistic Momentum and Energy. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368357262_The_Faulty_System_of_Relativistic_Momentum_and_Energy
[[5]]Dai, R. (2023). Space, Time, and Speed Limit. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372620513_Space_Time_and_Speed_Limit_Rongqing_Dai
[[6]]Dai, R. (2025). A Hilarious Claim About Photon. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387664099_A_Hilarious_Claim_about_Photon
[[7]]Dai, R. (2023). Debunk A Few World Famous Experiments. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375002717_Debunk_A_Few_World_Famous_Experiments
[[8]]Dai, R. (2024). When Galilean Superposition Is Experimentally Verified. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377358009_When_Galilean_Superposition_Is_Experimentally_Verified
[[9]]Dai, R. (2024). Scrutinizing Muons Decay Theory. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380484161_Scrutinizing_Muons_Decay_Theory
[[10]]Dai, R. (2023). Modifying Mass-Energy Relationship. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370288880_Modifying_Mass-Energy_Relationship
[[11]]Dai, R. (2024). What Is Wrong and Right with General Relativity? Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380894208_What_Is_Wrong_and_Right_with_General_Relativity
[[12]]Dai, R. (2025). Speed of Gravity Cannot Equal To Speed of Light. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388401292_Speed_of_Gravity_Cannot_Equal_To_Speed_of_Light
[[13]]Dai, R. (2023). Correction to de Broglie Wavelength. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376679293_Correction_to_De_Broglie_Wavelength
[[14]]The Institute of Art and Ideas (Mar 15, 2024) [YouTube] ‘The measurement problem violates the Schrödinger equation’ | Roger Penrose on #quantummechanics. [video] url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvpgzH5FHv8
[[15]]Dai, R. (2023). The Genetic Defect of Schrodinger's Cat. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371948820_The_Genetic_Defect_of_Schrodinger's_Cat_Rongqing_Dai
[[16]]Dai, R. (2024). A Short Survey of the Defects in Schrödinger’s Derivation. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383751232_A_Short_Survey_of_the_Defects_in_Schrodinger's_Derivation
[[17]]Dai, R. (2024). Schrödinger Equation and Quantization. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385379588_Schrodinger_Equation_and_Quantization
[[18]]Dai, R. (2023). Attosecond or Copenhagen?. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374740086_Attosecond_or_Copenhagen
[[19]]Dai, R. (2024). Scrutinizing Muons Decay Theory. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380484161_Scrutinizing_Muons_Decay_Theory
[[20]]Dai, R. (2025). Why Euler's Equations of Rigid Body Dynamics Are Wrong. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390300598_Why_Euler's_Equations_of_Rigid_Body_Dynamics_Are_Wrong
[[21]]Dai, R. (2025). Dzhanibekov Effect --- A Smashing Challenge to the Foundation of Physics. Retrieved from: https://wp.me/p9pbU7-oA
[[22]]Dai, R. (2021) The Random Energy Loss and Creation in a Nonexpanding Universe. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350086785_The_Random_Energy_Loss_and_Creation_in_a_Nonexpanding_Universe
[[23]]Dai, R. (2021) Self-feedback Perpetual Motion and Violation of Thermodynamics Laws. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357032292_Self-feedback_Perpetual_Motion_and_Violation_of_Thermodynamics_Laws
[[24]]Dai, R. (2022) Deequilibrium State & Perpetual Motion Machine, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358575784_De-equilibrium_State_Perpetual_Motion_Machine_Rongqing_Dai
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