芹菜根，香菜（芫荽）根，薄荷，甜菊
Celery root is used widely in Europe in soups, salads and stir-fry.
芹菜根在欧洲使用广泛汤水、沙律、快炒.
It is high in silicon and is used to treat high blood pressure.它是高硅用于治疗血压高. Rolled in a sheet of toasted nori adds flavor, texture, color, many essential minerals and is fun to eat.
You can give the gift of knowledge by donating to the Wikimedia Foundation!
Live list of donations
Today all contributions will be matched by an anonymous donor.
Tax-deductibility of donations | FAQ | Financial statements (pdf)
Stevia甜菊
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia从维基、百科免费
Jump to: navigation , search1950:导航,搜索
i Stevia我甜菊
A young Stevia rebaudiana plant一位年轻甜菊厂
Scientific classification科学分类
Kingdom:王国: Plantae植物界
Division:师: Magnoliophytamagnoliophyta
Class:班: Magnoliopsidamagnoliopsida
Order:命令: Asteralesasterales
Family:家庭: Asteraceae菊
Genus:记述: Stevia甜菊
Species物种
About 150 species, including:约150种,其中包括:
Stevia eupatoria甜菊eupatoria
Stevia ovata甜菊卵形
Stevia plummerae甜菊plummerae
Stevia rebaudiana甜菊
Stevia salicifolia甜菊绣线
Stevia serrata甜菊齿
Stevia (also called sweetleaf , sweet leaf or sugarleaf ) is a genus of about 150 species of herbs and shrubs in the sunflower family ( Asteraceae ), native to subtropical and tropical South America and Central America .甜菊(又称甜叶菊、甜叶或sugarleaf)是属约150种草药、灌木的向日葵家族(菊)本土亚热带和热带南美和中美洲. As a sweetener, stevia's sweet taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar, although some of its extracts may have a bitter or liquorice -like aftertaste at high concentrations.作为甜味剂、甜菊的甜头,也较长,发病较慢,比糖虽然有些可能有惨痛或其提取甘草般回味浓度高.
With its extracts having up to 300 times the sweetness of sugar , stevia has garnered attention with the rise in demand for low-carbohydrate , low- sugar food alternatives.它具有高达300倍提取甜头糖甜菊引起注意的需求上升低碳水化合物、低糖食物替代. Stevia also has shown promise in medical research for treating such conditions as obesity [1] and high blood pressure .甜菊医学研究还表明许诺的条件治疗肥胖、血压高[1]. [2] [3] Stevia has negligible effect on blood glucose , therefore it is attractive as a natural sweetener to diabetics and others on carbohydrate -controlled diets.[2][3]甜菊影响极为轻微血糖,因此对糖尿病有吸引力作为天然甜味剂等碳水化合物控制饮食. However, health and political controversies have limited stevia's availablility in many countries; for example, the United States banned it in the early 1990s.然而,有限的卫生和政治争议甜菊的availablility在许多国家;例如,美国取缔年代初. Stevia is widely used as a sweetener in Japan , and it is now available in the US and Canada as a food supplement , although not as a food additive .甜菊作为甜味剂广泛应用于日本、现已在美国及加拿大作为补充食品,虽然不是作为食品添加剂.
Contents目录 [hide]
1 History and use一月史及使用
2 Controversies二月争议
2.1 Health controversy二月一日生争议
2.2 Political controversy二月二日政治争议
2.3 Availability2月3日可供使用
3 Names in other countries三月在其他国家名称
4 See also4见也
5 Notes and references5注和参考资料
6 Further reading六月进一步阅读
7 External links七月对外联系
[ edit ] History and use[编辑]历史和使用
For centuries, the Guaraní Native Americans of Paraguay and Brazil used Stevia species, primarily S. rebaudiana which they called ka'a he'ê ("sweet herb"), as a sweetener in yerba mate and medicinal teas for treating heartburn and other ailments.千百年来,巴拉圭和巴西瓜拉尼印第安人使用甜菊物种,主要甜菊它们称为ka'ahe'ê("甜药"),作为甜味剂、药用茶友们在三藩市治疗心及其他病症.
In 1931 , two French chemists isolated the glycosides that give stevia its sweet taste.1931年,两名法国化学家让孤立的甜菊苷其味甘. [4] These extracts were named stevioside and rebaudioside .[4]这些被命名提取甜菊糖并莱鲍迪甙. These compounds are 250–300 times sweeter than sucrose (ordinary table sugar), heat stable, pH stable, and non- fermentable .这些化合物是比蔗糖甜250倍(普通食糖表)、热稳定,pH值稳定,非发酵. [5][5]
In the early 1970s, Japan began cultivating stevia as an alternative to artificial sweeteners such as cyclamate and saccharin , suspected carcinogens .在70年代初期,日本开始栽培甜菊作为替代人工甘味、糖精等甜蜜素怀疑致癌物. The plant's leaves, the aqueous extract of the leaves, and purified steviosides are used as sweeteners.该厂叶、水叶提取、纯化steviosides用作甜味剂. Stevia sweeteners have been produced commercially in Japan since 1977 and are widely used in food products, soft drinks (including Coca Cola [6] ), and for table use.甜菊糖在日本已经制作商业自1977产品广泛应用于食品、饮料(含可口可乐[6]),并提交使用. Japan currently consumes more stevia than any other country; there, stevia accounts for 40% of the sweetener market.目前日本消费比其他任何国家更甜菊;目前,占40%的甜菊糖市场.
Today, stevia is cultivated and used in food elsewhere in east Asia, including in China (since 1984), Korea , Taiwan , Thailand , and Malaysia .今天是甜菊栽培及东亚其他食品中使用,包括在中国(1984年以来),韩国,台湾泰国和马来西亚. It can also be found in Saint Kitts and Nevis , in part of South America (Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay ) and in Israel .也可以发现圣基茨和尼维斯,南美洲部分(巴西、巴拉圭、乌拉圭)和以色列. China is the world's largest exporter of stevioside.中国是世界上最大的出口国甜菊糖.
Stevia species are found in the wild in semi-arid habitats ranging from grassland to mountain terrain.甜菊物种在野外发现半干旱草原栖息地山地地形不等. Stevia does produce seeds , but only a small percentage of them germinate .甜菊是否产生种子,但只有少数人发芽. Planting cloned stevia is a more effective method of reproduction.甜菊种植是一种比较有效的方法克隆复制.
[ edit ] Controversies[编辑]争议
Steviol is the basic building block of stevia's sweet glycosides : Stevioside and rebaudioside A are constructed by replacing the bottom hydrogen atom with glucose and the top hydrogen atom with two or three linked glucose groups, respectively.甜菊糖是基本的建筑砌块甜菊的甜甙:一、建莱鲍迪甙甜菊糖取代底部和顶部葡萄糖与氢原子与氢原子连接两个或三个糖集团,分别
[ edit ] Health controversy[编辑]生争议
A 1985 study reported that steviol, a breakdown product from stevioside and rebaudioside (two of the sweet steviol glycosides in the stevia leaf) is a mutagen in the presence of a liver extract of pre-treated rats [7] — but this finding has been criticized on procedural grounds that the data were mishandled in such a way that even distilled water would appear mutagenic. [8] More recent animal tests have shown mixed results in terms of toxicology and adverse effects of stevia extract, with some tests finding steviol to be a weak mutagen [9] while others find no safety issues.一项研究报告说,1985年甜菊糖,按产品、莱鲍迪甙甜菊糖(甜菊糖甙两人的甜蜜在甜菊叶)是一种突变的存在肝脏提取预处理老鼠[7]但这项发现已在程序为由,批评数据不好,即使这样看来诱变蒸馏水.[8]近期动物试验结果表明,在混合毒物不利影响甜菊提取、一些试验发现甜菊糖是弱诱变[9]有的找不到安全问题. [10] Although more recent studies appear to establish the safety of stevia, government agencies have expressed concerns over toxicity, citing a lack of sufficient conclusive research.[10]尽管最近的研究更显得树立甜菊安全,政府机关也关注毒性引用缺乏足够确凿的研究. [11] [12][11][12]
Whole foods proponents draw a distinction between consuming (and safety testing) only parts, such as stevia extracts and isolated compounds like stevioside, versus the whole herb.整个食品消费主张区分只是部分(安全测试)、例如甜菊提取物如甜菊糖、孤立,对整个药草. In his book Healing With Whole Foods , Paul Pitchford cautions, "Obtain only the green or brown [whole] stevia extracts or powders; avoid the clear extracts and white powders, which, highly refined and lacking essential phyto-nutrients, cause imbalance".书中愈合整个食品保罗pitchford告诫、"只有获得绿褐色或粉或摘录[整]甜菊;避免明确提取白色粉末,它精致、缺乏必需植物养分,造成不平衡". However, this statement is not backed by published scientific evidence, other than the general findings about refined foods being less beneficial.但是,这种说法是没有科学证据支持出版、除了一般的结果大约少有益的食物成品.
In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) performed a thorough evaluation of recent experimental studies of stevioside and steviols conducted on animals and humans, and concluded that " stevioside and rebaudioside A are not genotoxic in vitro or in vivo and that the genotoxicity of steviol and some of its oxidative derivatives in vitro is not expressed in vivo.2006年,世界卫生组织(卫生组织)最近进行了一个详细的评估和实验研究甜菊糖steviols进行动物和人体结论是:"一不莱鲍迪甙甜菊糖、遗传或体内体外的遗传毒性和它的一些甜菊糖氧化衍生物体外体内并非表示. " [13] The report also found no evidence of carcinogenic activity."[13]该报告还发现没有证据致癌活性. Furthermore, the report noted that " stevioside has shown some evidence of pharmacological effects in patients with hypertension or with type-2 diabetes " [13] but concluded that further study was required to determine proper dosage.此外,报告指出,"一些证据显示甜菊糖药效高血压患者或2型糖尿病的"[13],但结论是进一步研究才能确定正确的剂量.
Indeed, millions of Japanese people have been using stevia for over thirty years with no reported or known harmful effects.事实上,数百万的日本人已超过30年使用甜菊无报或已知有害影响. Similarly, stevia leaves have been used for centuries in South America spanning multiple generations in ethnomedical tradition as a treatment of type II diabetes .同样,甜菊叶已使用数百年,横跨南美洲多代ethnomedical作为传统治疗II型糖尿病.
[ edit ] Political controversy[编辑]政治争议
In 1991 , at the request of an anonymous complaint, the United States Food and Drug Administration labeled stevia as an "unsafe food additive" and restricted its import.1991年,在要求匿名的投诉,美国食品及药物管理局标记甜菊作为"不安全食品添加剂",它的进口限制. The FDA's stated reason was "toxicological information on stevia is inadequate to demonstrate its safety."在FDA的理由是说:"关于甜菊毒性不足以证明其安全" [14] This ruling was controversial, as stevia proponents pointed out that this designation violates the FDA's own guidelines, under which any natural substance used prior to 1958 with no reported adverse effects should be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) .[14]这一裁决争议,甜菊倡议者指出,这违背了FDA的指定自己的准则,根据1958年以前任何天然药物无不良影响,应报公认安全(生鲜).
Stevia occurs naturally, requiring no patent to produce it.甜菊发生自然,无需出示专利. As a consequence, since the import ban in 1991, marketers and consumers of stevia have shared a belief that the sweetener industry pressured the FDA to keep stevia out of the United States.如此一来,即使在1991年以来的进口禁令,行销和消费者都有一种信仰,甜菊糖甜菊产业不断施压林业局进出美国. Arizona congressman Jon Kyl , for example, called the FDA action against stevia "a restraint of trade to benefit the artificial sweetener industry." [15] To date, the FDA has never revealed the source of the original complaint in its responses to requests filed under the Freedom of Information Act .亚利桑那州众议员jon体,例如,FDA的行动称为甜菊"贸易限制人工甜味剂行业受益."[15]迄今为止,FDA的源泉从未透露其在原申诉请求作出反应的资讯自由法.
The FDA requires proof of safety before recognizing a food additive as safe.FDA的安全需要证明的食品添加剂才确认其安全. A similar burden of proof is required for the FDA to ban a substance or label it unsafe .类似的规定举证林业局取缔物质或不安全的帽子. Nevertheless, stevia remained banned until after the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act forced the FDA in 1995 to revise its stance to permit stevia to be used as a dietary supplement , although not as a food additive — a position that stevia proponents regard as contradictory because it simultaneously labels stevia as safe and unsafe, depending on how it is sold.尽管如此,仍禁甜菊直至1994饮食补充品健康与教育法迫使林业局1995修改为自己的立场,允许甜菊作为膳食补充,但不会作为食品添加剂甜菊支持者视为立场相互矛盾,因为它的标签同步甜菊安全和不安全,取决于它卖掉. [16][16]
[ edit ] Availability[编辑]供应
Stevia may be grown legally.甜菊可成长合法. Stevia has been grown on an experimental basis in Ontario since 1987 for the purpose of determining the feasibility of growing the crop commercially.甜菊种植的试点已在安大略自1987年定为目的的作物种植商业可行性. In the United States, it is legal to import, grow, sell, and consume Stevia products if contained within or labeled for use as a dietary supplement, but not as a food additive.在美国,这是合法进口,种植、销售、如果产品和消费甜菊载或标记用作饮食补充剂、但不作为食品添加剂. Stevia has also been approved as a dietary supplement in Australia and Canada .甜菊也被批准为饮食补充剂在澳大利亚和加拿大. In Japan and South American countries, stevia may also be used as a food additive.在日本和南美国家,甜菊还可以用作食品添加剂.
Although unresolved questions remain concerning whether metabolic processes can produce a mutagen from stevia in animals, let alone in humans, the early studies nevertheless prompted the European Commission to ban stevia's use in food in the European Union pending further research.虽然问题仍然悬而未决的代谢过程是否能产生突变,从甜菊动物、更不用说在人类的早期研究尽管如此甜菊促使欧盟委员会禁止使用在食品在欧洲联盟,有待进一步研究. [17] It is also banned in Singapore and Hong Kong .[17]也是禁止新加坡和香港. [18] More recent data compiled in the safety evaluation released by the World Health Organization in 2006 [13] suggest that these policies may be obsolete.[18]最近公布的数据,在安全性评价由世界卫生组织于2006[13]这些政策建议可能过时.
[ edit ] Names in other countries[编辑]其他国家名称
Both the sweetener and the stevia plant Stevia rebaudiana bertoni (also known as Eupatorium rebaudianum bertoni ) are known and pronounced as "stévia" in English-speaking countries as well as in France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Sweden — although some of these countries also use other terms as shown below.双方的甜味剂甜叶菊甜菊厂(又名甜叶菊bertoni泽兰)和已知的笔战"stévia"在英语国家,以及法国、德国、意大利、葡萄牙、瑞典虽然有些国家还利用职权为其他所示. Similar pronunciations occur in Japan ( sutebia or ステビア in katakana ) , and in Thailand ( satiwia ).读音类似发生在日本(或sutebiaステア在申报地图)、泰国(satiwia). In some countries (India, for example) the name translates literally as "sweet leaf."在一些国家(如印度就)字面上翻译名称为"甜叶" Below are some names for the stevia plant in various regions of the world:以下是一些名字为甜菊厂世界各地区:
Afrikaans -speaking countries: heuningblaar (honey leaf)南非英语国家:heuningblaar(蜂蜜页)
China : 甜菊 ( tian ju – sweet flower), 甜菊叶 ( tian ju ye – stevia leaf)中国:甜菊(田巨甜蜜),甜菊叶(田驹烨甜菊叶)
English-speaking countries : candy leaf, sugar leaf, sweetleaf ( USA ), sweet honey leaf ( Australia ), sweet herb of Paraguay英语国家:叶糖果、糖叶,甜叶菊(美国)、叶甜蜜(澳大利亚)巴拉圭甜药草
German speaking countries (also Switzerland ): Süßkraut , Süßblatt , Honigkraut德语国家(也是瑞士):süßkraut,süßblatt,honigkraut
Hungary : jázmin pakóca匈牙利:jázminpakóca
India : madhu parani ( Marathi ), madhu patra ( Sanskrit ), seeni tulsi ( Tamil ), madhu patri ( Telugu )印度:madhuparani(马拉),madhupatra(梵语),seenitulsi(泰米尔)madhuPatri先生(泰卢固)
Italy : piccolo arbusto con foglia dolce意大利:短笛arbusto行骗foglia尔西塔
Japan : アマハステビア ( amaha sutebia )日本:マハアステア申报(amahasutebia)
Portuguese-speaking countries : capim doce , erva doce , estévia ( Brazil ), folhas da stévia葡语国家:capimDoce公司,ervaDoce公司,estévia(巴西)、大stéviafolhas
Spanish-speaking countries : caá-ché , hierba dulce , ka´a he´ê (Guaraníes, Natives of Paraguay ), stevia del norte de Paraguay , yerba dulce西班牙语国家:caá-火箭筒、hierba尔塞,他的'家'ê(瓜拉尼,巴拉圭籍)、北德甜菊del巴拉圭、三藩市尔塞
Thailand : satiwia , หญ้าหวาน ( ya wan , or sweet grass in Bangkok )泰国:satiwia,หญ้าหวาน(亚湾或甜草曼谷)
[ edit ] See also[编辑:又见
Asteraceae菊
Glycoside苷
Sugar substitute食糖替代
[ edit ] Notes and references[编辑]注释和参考资料
Look up Stevia in Wiktionary , the free dictionary.查看甜菊在wiktionary,免费辞典. ^ PubMed research articles related to treatments of obesity^PubMed系统治疗肥胖相关研究文章
^ PubMed research articles on stevia's effects on blood pressure^研究文章甜菊PubMed系统的影响血压
^ PubMed articles on stevia's use in treating hypertension^文章甜菊PubMed系统的使用治疗高血压
^ Bridel, M.; Lavielle, R. (1931).^德尔夫、米;lavielle、射频(1931). "Sur le principe sucre des feuilles de kaa-he-e (stevia rebaundiana B)"."乐普苏克雷surdes叶子十字路口德德卡河娥(甜菊rebaundiana乙)". Academie des Sciences Paris Comptes Rendus (Parts 192): 1123-1125.巴黎科学院还曾comptesrendus(192件):1123年至1125年.
^ Brandle, Jim (2004-08-19).^brandle,吉姆(2004年8月19日). FAQ - Stevia, Nature's Natural Low Calorie Sweetener ( HTML ).常-甜菊,大自然的天然低热量甜味剂(HTML语言). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada .农业及农业食品加拿大. Retrieved on 2006 - 11-08 .检索2006-1911年至2008年.
^ Taylor , Leslie (2005).^泰勒莱斯利(2005). The Healing Power of Natural Herbs .愈合力天然草药. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Publishers, Inc., (excerpted at weblink).花园城市公园,纽约:一平方出版商公司(摘录于行销). ISBN 0-7570-0144-0 .书号0-7570-0144-0.
^ Pezzuto, JM; Compadre CM, Swanson SM, Nanayakkara D, Kinghorn AD (April 1985).^pezzuto、雅可比矩阵;compadre公分,swanson钐、nanayakkara四、kinghorn专案(1985年4月). " Metabolically activated steviol, the aglycone of stevioside, is mutagenic ". Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 82 (8): 2478-82."甜菊糖代谢活性,对甜菊糖甙,是诱变".*美国科学研究院过程,82(8):2478年至1982年.
^ Procinska, E; Bridges BA, Hanson JR (March 1991).^procinska、电子;桥梁建筑、汉森两人(1991年3月). " Interpretation of results with the 8-azaguanine resistance system in Salmonella typhimurium: no evidence for direct acting mutagenesis by 15-oxosteviol, a possible metabolite of steviol ". Mutagenesis 6 (2): 165-7."解读结果与8-鸟嘌呤抗性系统沙门氏菌:没有直接证据行事突变15-oxosteviol,可能代谢甜菊糖".诱变6(2):165-7. – article text is reproduced here .-文章全文转载.
^ Matsui, M; Matsui K, Kawasaki Y, Oda Y, Noguchi T, Kitagawa Y, Sawada M, Hayashi M, Nohmi T, Yoshihira K, Ishidate M Jr, Sofuni T (November 1996).^四郎,米;四郎钾、川崎美意官方美意,贵文笔、北川美意射击米,林间、串行笔、气泡钾,ishidate米两人sofuni笔(1996年11月). " Evaluation of the genotoxicity of stevioside and steviol using six in vitro and one in vivo mutagenicity assays ". Mutagenesis 11 (6): 573-9."甜菊糖的遗传毒性评价、使用甜菊糖六人体内体外致突变性试验".诱变11(6):573-9.
^ Klongpanichpak, S; Temcharoen P, Toskulkao C, Apibal S, Glinsukon T (September 1997).^klongpanichpak,收盘;temcharoen磷、toskulkao三、apibal收盘,glinsukon笔(1997年9月). " Lack of mutagenicity of stevioside and steviol in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100 ". J Med Assoc Thai 80 (Suppl 1): S121-8."缺乏致突变性甜菊糖甜菊糖的沙门氏菌及电讯社98和100".医志廷军泰国80(补编1):121-8.
^ European Commission Scientific Committee on Food (June 1999).^欧盟委员会食物科学委员会(1999年6月). Opinion on Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni plants and leaves关于甜叶菊植物叶片
^ Food Standards Agency (August 2000).^食品标准局(2000年8月). FSA note on Stevia and stevioside五味甜菊糖、甜菊注
^ a b c Benford, D.J.; DiNovi, M., Schlatter, J. (2006).一二三benford立方公尺,电力市场;dinovi、米、瑞士苏莱特,j.(2006). " Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Steviol Glycosides " ( PDF – 18 MB)."安全评价某些食品添加剂:甜菊糖甙"(以PDF-18甲基溴). WHO Food Additives Series 54 : 140.如食品添加剂系列54:140.
^ Food and Drug Administration (1995, rev 1996, 2005).^食品和药物管理局(1995,晨曦96,2005). Import Alert #45-06 : "Automatic Detention of Stevia Leaves, Extract of Stevia Leaves, and Food Containing Stevia"1945年至1906年进口警戒#:"自动扣留甜菊叶、甜菊叶提取物、食品含有甜菊"
^ Kyl, John (R-Arizona) (1993).^体约翰(住宅-亚利桑那)(1993年). Letter to former FDA Commissioner David Aaron Kessler about the 1991 stevia import ban.信林业局原处长李大卫亚伦约1991甜菊的进口禁令.
^ McCaleb, Rob (1997).^mccaleb、抢劫(1997年). Controversial Products in the Natural Foods Market ( HTML ).争议产品的天然食品市场(HTML语言). Herb Research Foundation.草药研究基金会. Retrieved on 2006 - 11-08 .检索2006-1911年至2008年.
^ European Commission Scientific Committee on Food (June 1999).^欧盟委员会食物科学委员会(1999年6月). Opinion on Stevioside as a Sweetener关于甜菊糖作为甜味剂
^ Simon LI (Legislative Council Secretariat Research and Library Services Division) (27 March 2002).^西蒙李(立法局秘书处资料研究及图书馆服务部)(2002年3月27日). Fact Sheet: Stevioside概况:甜菊糖
[ edit ] Further reading[编辑]进一步阅读
Pitchford, Paul (2002).pitchford保罗(2002). Healing With Whole Foods: Asian Traditions and Modern Nutrition (3rd ed.).整个食品愈合:亚洲传统与现代营养(第三版). Berkeley: North Atlantic Books ( ISBN 1-55643-430-8 ).伯克利:北大西洋书籍(书号1-55643-430-8).
May, James (2003).五月,詹姆斯(2003). The Miracle of Stevia .甜菊奇迹. New York, NY: Twin Stream Books ( ISBN 0-7582-0220-2 ).纽约:孪生溪书籍(书号0-7582-0220-2).
Kirkland, James (1999).卡普兰詹姆斯(1999年). Sugar-Free Cooking with Stevia .无糖烹饪甜菊. Arlington, TX: Crystal Health Pub.阿灵顿表示TX:水晶卫生酒吧. ( ISBN 1-928906-11-7 ).(书号1-928906-11-7).
Goettomoeller, Jeffrey (1999).goettomoeller,杰弗里(1999年). Stevia Sweet Recipes: Sugar-Free-Naturally .甜菊甜食谱:无糖-自然. Bloomingdale, IL: Vital Health Pub.bloomingdale、伊尔:久久健康至关重要. ( ISBN 1-890612-13-8 ).(书号1-890612-13-8).
Sahelian, Ray (1999).萨赫勒、射线(1999年). The Stevia Cookbook .甜菊的菜谱. Garden City Park, NY: Avery ( ISBN 0-89529-926-7 ).花园城市公园,纽约:艾维利(书号0-89529-926-7).
[ edit ] External links[编辑]外部连接
SteviaInfo.com - Stevia Research Studies, News, Recipes and Background Informationsteviainfo.com-甜菊研究、新闻、食谱、背景资料
Center for Science in the Public Interest article Stevia: A Bittersweet Tale公共利益科学中心的甜菊文章:酸甜苦辣故事
Center for Science in the Public Interest article公共利益科学中心的文章
Hong Kong Legislative Council Secretariat ( PDF file)香港立法会秘书处(PDF档案)
Journal review article on Stevia's safety文章回顾journal甜菊的安全
Stevia: Not Ready For Prime Time甜菊:缺乏准备的黄金时间
Stevia - Health and History Information甜菊健康和历史资料
Multilingual Multi plant name database has terms for the Stevia plant in different languages多种植物名称数据库multi甜菊种植条件的不同语言
Article by Daniel Mowrey, Ph.D.文章丹尼尔mowrey、博士 in assoc.在廷军 with Health Freedom Resources ( http://www.healthfree.com/ ).自由与健康资源(http://www.healthfree.com/).
Cooking With Stevia Blog - Stevia Recipe Blog, Updated Weekly烹饪与甜菊博客-博客甜菊配方,每周更新
Diabetes Health - Article on Stevia and Diabetes.糖尿病保健文章甜菊和糖尿病.
v • d • e●四●五室 Herbs and spices草药及香料
Herbs草药 Basil · Bay leaf · Boldo · Borage · Chervil · Chives · Coriander leaf (cilantro) · Curry leaf · Dill · Epazote · Eryngium foetidum (long coriander) · Holy basil · Houttuynia cordata (giấp cá) · Hyssop · Lavender · Lemon grass · Limnophila aromatica (rice paddy her b) · Lovage · Marjoram · Mint · Oregano · Parsley · Perilla · Rosemary · Rue · Sage · Savory · Sorrel · Stevia · Tarragon · Thai basil · Thyme · Vietnamese coriander (rau ram)●罗勒●boldo叶湾chervil●韭菜●●●borage香菜叶(香菜)叶咖喱●●●萝epazote●芫荽(香菜长)●●圣罗勒鱼腥草(giấpcá)●香草薰衣草●●●柠檬草Limnophila aromatica (rice paddy her乙)lovagemarjoram●●●薄荷●牛●香菜局Rue●紫苏●迷迭香●●●亚圣●香香酸模●甜菊●蒿●罗勒●百里香●越南泰国香菜(劳公羊)
Spices香料 African pepper · Ajwain (bishop's weed) · Allspice · Amchur (mango powder) · Anise · Asafoetida · Caraway · Cardamom · Cardamom, black · Cassia · Celery seed · Chili · Cinnamon · Clove · Coriander seed · Cubeb · Cumin · Cumin, black · Dill seed · Fennel · Fenugreek · Galangal · Garlic · Ginger · Grains of paradise · Horseradish · Juniper berry · Liquorice · Mace · Mahlab · Mustard, black · Mustard, white · Nigella (kalonji) · Nutmeg · Paprika · Pepper, black · Pepper, green · Pepper, pink · Pepper, white · Pomegranate seed (anardana) · Poppy seed · Saffron · Sarsaparilla · Sassafras · Sesame · Sichuan pepper · Star anise · Sumac · Tamarind · Turmeric · Wasabi · Zedoary●非洲辣椒ajwain(主教杂草芒果)●allspice●amchur(粉)●●八角茎阿魏●●●豆蔻豆蔻、肉桂●黑色●芹菜籽肉桂●辣椒●●●丁香香菜种子孜然●●●苍孜然、黑●萝茴香籽●●●香豆良姜●生姜大蒜●●天堂●辣根粒浆果●桧●甘草●喷雾器●mahlab●芥末、芥末●黑色、白色●种草(kalonji)●●辣椒●胡椒豆蔻、黑胡椒●绿色●辣椒,辣椒粉●白色●石榴籽(anardana)●罂粟种子沙土●●●红花樟芝麻●●●四川辣椒八角南罗●●●漆树●姜黄莪山葵●
Sweeteners类别:菊科|食品安全|糖|草药|甜味剂
In other languages其他语种
Danskdansk
Deutsch德国
Españolespañol
Français法国
Nederlands大得多
日本語日本语语
Norsk (bokmål)挪威(bokmål)
Polskipolski
Portuguêsportuguês
Русскийрусский
Svenska瑞典
