适中的缺失与自我补偿。自律的基础是修养的适中(temperance)。当适中不足时,恣意(indulgence)必行其道。不是因为中华文化中缺乏合中的元素,而是因为中庸的经典多是给只占少数的未来精英阶层作启蒙。当子曰诗云的教诲并不能作为江湖中的尚方宝剑时,圣贤的合中与懿德就在无奈中成了一个退色的金字招牌,难免夫子亦要在川上感叹逝者如斯。在利马窦(Matteo Ricci)1583年来中国之前,十诫(The Ten Commandments)该是普罗大众所不了解的。合中对于仕大夫阶层的精神引导尚且如此,对芸芸众生的影响就更不难估量。因此,对于这样常规治疗功能广泛强大且易于上瘾的药物,在商业利益的驱动下,英国商人能在中国把鸦片作为普通消费品的营销成功绝不仅是一个商业问题。当大清国的多数民仕工商兵来消费并沉湎于鸦片带来的精神愉悦感时,大清国府最先感受到的危机是她对大英帝国国际贸易中的出超不复存在。府库白银外流,公帑入不敷出,及至军中兵羸将弱,对英国贸易上经济优越感的丧失逐渐让大清国府感受到鸦片贸易下隐藏的政治危机。林则徐受钦命到广东查禁鸦片贸易,为朝廷缓解潜在政治危机才是其最高目标。
Temperance (Sophrosyne in Greek) is the practice of moderation. It was one of the four "cardinal" virtues held to be vital to society in Hellenic culture. It is one of the Four Cardinal Virtues considered central to Christian behaviour by the Catholic Church and is an important tenet of the moral codes of other world religions—for example, it is one of the Five Precepts of Buddhism.
Classically, temperance was defined as governing natural appetites for the pleasure of senses according to the bounds of reason. No virtue could be sustained in the face of inability to control oneself, if the virtue was opposed to some desire; this is why it is classified as a cardinal virtue, where "cardinal" signifies "pivotal."
The virtues of abstinence, chastity, and modesty are considered sub-classes of the virtue of temperance, as it governs the practice of eating and drinking, practice of sexual intercourse, and the restraint of vanity.
Temperance movements were originally aimed at generating temperance – moderation – in drinking of alcoholic beverages. In its prohibition aspects, it was wittily described by G. K. Chesterton as "an intemperate denunciation of temperate drinking."