八佾篇第三

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八佾篇第三

 

 

【原文】

3·1 孔子谓季氏(1),“八佾(2)舞于庭,是可忍(3),孰不可忍也!”

 

【注释】

(1)季氏:鲁国正卿季孙氏,即季平子。

(2)八佾:佾,读“义”,行列。古时一佾8人,八佾就是64人,据《周礼》规定,只有周天子才可以使用八佾,诸侯为六佾,卿大夫为四佾,士用二佾。季氏是正卿,只能用四佾。

(3)忍:容忍;忍心。

 

【白话】

孔子谈到季氏时说,“他在庭院中大跳六十四人舞,这样的事如果都能容忍,那还有什么不可容忍的呢?”

 

【英译】

Confucius talked about Ji: “He asked sixty-four people to dance in his own courtyard. If this can be tolerated, what cannot?”

 

 

【原文】

3·2 三家(1)者以《雍》彻(2)。子曰:“‘相维辟公,天子穆穆’(3),奚取于三家之堂(4)?”

 

【注释】

(1)三家:鲁国当政的三家:孟孙氏、叔孙氏、季孙氏。他们都是鲁桓公的后代,又称“三桓”。

(2)《雍》:《诗经·周颂》中的一篇。古代天子祭宗庙完毕时唱这首诗。

(3) 彻:结束。

(4) 相维辟公,天子穆穆:《雍》诗中的两句。相,助。维,语助词,无意义。辟公,指诸侯。穆穆:庄严肃穆。 

 (5)堂:接客祭祖的地方。

 

【白话】

三大家族在祭祖结束时,大唱《雍》歌。孔子说:“‘诸侯辅助,天子肃穆’,这样的歌词怎能在这三家的庙堂里唱?” 

 

【英译】

After offering sacrifices to their ancestors, the three families should ask musicians to sing Yong. Confucius said: “ ‘The emperor solemnly officiates at sacrificial rites, while the lords should be assistants.’  How can Yongbe sung in these three families’ temples?”

 

 

【原文】

3·3 子曰:“人而不仁,如礼何?人而不仁,如乐何?”

 

【白话】

孔子说:“一个人缺乏仁德,他怎么能实行礼呢?一个人缺乏仁德,他怎么能运用乐呢?”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “If a person lacks humanity and virtue, how can he correctly put proprieties into practice? If a person lacks humanity and virtue, how can he correctly use music?”

 

 

【原文】

3·4 林放(1)问礼之本。子曰:“大哉问!礼,与其奢也,宁俭;丧,与其易(2)也,宁戚(3)。”

 

【注释】

(1)林放:鲁国人。

(2)易:治理。这里指有关丧葬的礼节仪式办理得很周到。一说谦和、平易。

(3)戚:心中悲哀的意思。

 

【白话】

林放问什么是礼的根本。孔子回答说:“你提的问题意义重大,就礼节仪式的一般情况而言,与其奢侈,不如节俭;就丧事而言,与其仪式上治办周备,不如内心真正哀伤。”

 

【英译】

Lin Fang asked questions about the basic things of proprieties. Confucius said: “The questions you put forward are most important!  As far as proprieties are concerned, generally speaking, they should be thrifty rather than extravagant. As for funeral affairs, you should emphasize true inner sorrow rather than comprehensive rites.”

 

 

【原文】

3·5 子曰:“夷狄(1)之有君,不如诸夏(2)之亡(3)也。”

 

【注释】

(1)夷狄:古代中原地区的人对周边地区,即外国的贬称,谓之不开化,缺乏教养,不知书达礼。

(2)诸夏:古代中原地区华夏族的自称。

(3)亡:同无。古书中的“无”字多写作“亡”。

 

【白话】

孔子说:“落后的夷狄虽然有君主,还不如中原诸国没有君主呢。”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “The backward foreign countries also have their own lords, but they are not so good as the countries in central China who, even if, have no lords.”

 

【原文】

3·6 季氏旅(1)于泰山,子谓冉有(2)曰:“女(3)弗能救(4)与?”对曰:“不能。”子曰:“呜呼!曾谓泰山不如林放(5)乎?”

 

【注释】

(1)旅:祭祀的一种。祭祀山川为旅。当时,只有天子和诸侯才有祭祀名山大川的资格。

(2)冉有:姓冉名求,字子有,生于公元前522年,孔子的弟子,比孔子小29岁。当时是季氏的家臣,所以孔子责备他。

(3)女:同汝,你。

(4)救:挽求、劝阻的意思。这里指谏止。

(5)林放:见本篇第4章的注释。

 

【白话】

季孙氏去祭祀泰山。孔子对冉有说:“你难道不能劝阻他吗?”冉有说:“不能。”孔子说:“唉!难道说泰山神还不如林放知礼吗?”

 

【英译】

Ji Sun went to offer sacrifices to Mt. Tai. Confucius said to Ran You: “Can’t you dissuade him?” Replied: “No, I can’t.” Confucius said: “Alas! Could it be said that Mt. Tai is inferior to Lin Fang?”

 

 

【原文】

3·7 子曰:“君子无所争,必也射(1)乎!揖(2)让而升,下而饮,其争也君子。”

 

【注释】

(1)射:原意为射箭。此处指古代的射礼。

(2)揖:拱手行礼,表示尊敬。

 

【白话】

孔子说:“君子没有什么可与别人相争的事情。如果有的话,那就是射箭比赛喽!。比赛时,先相互作揖谦让,然后上场。射完后,又相互作揖再退下来,然后登堂喝酒。这就是君子之争。”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “Gentlemen have nothing to compete with others. If they have, they must be archery competitions. During an archery competition, each side makes a bow first to the other side with hands folded in front and then steps forward. After competition, each side makes a bow again to the other side with hands folded and then walks out and finally sits in the hall drinking wine. This is the competition between gentlemen.”

 

【原文】

3·8 子夏问曰:“‘巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以为绚兮’。(1)何谓也?”子曰:“绘事后素(2)。”曰:“礼后乎?”子曰:“起予者商也(3),始可与言诗已矣。”

 

【注释】

(1)巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以为绚兮:前两句见《诗经·卫风·硕人》篇。倩,读“欠”,笑得好看。兮,语助词,相当于“啊”。盼:眼睛黑白分明。绚,有文采。

(2)绘事后素:绘,画。素,白底。

(3)起予者商也:起,启发。予,我,孔子自指。商,子夏名商。

 

【白话】

子夏问孔子:“‘笑得真好看啊,美丽的眼睛真明亮啊,用素粉来打扮啊。’这几句话是什么意思呢?”孔子说:“这是说先有白底然后画画。”子夏又问:“那么,是不是说礼也是后来出现的事呢?”孔子说:“商,你真是能启发我的人,现在可以同你讨论《诗经》了。”

 

【英译】

Tzu Xia asked Confucius: “ ‘What a nice smiling face! What a pair of beautiful bright eyes! Dress up with plain face powder’. What do these sentences mean? ” Confucius said: “Make a white background and then paint.” Tzu Xia said: “Does it mean that proprieties also something coming late?” Confucius said: “Shang, you’re really skillful to enlighten me. Now I can start talking about The Book of Songs with you.”

 

 

【原文】

3·9 子曰:“夏礼吾能言之,杞(1)不足徵(2)也;殷礼吾能言之,宋(3)不足徵也。文献(4)不足故也。足,则吾能徵之矣。”

 

【注释】

(1)杞:春秋时国名,是夏禹的后裔。在今河南杞县一带。

(2)徵:证明。

(3)宋:春秋时国名,是商汤的后裔,在今河南商丘一带。

(4)文献:文,指历史典籍;献,指贤人。

 

【白话】

孔子说:“夏朝的礼,我能说清楚,杞国不足以让我证明它;商朝的礼,我能说清楚,宋国不足以让我证明它。这都是因为文献不足,否则,我就能证明了。”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “I can say something about the proprieties of Xia Dynasty, but its continuator Ji is not enough for me to prove it. I can say something about the proprieties of Yin Dynasty, but its continuator Song is not enough for me to prove it. It’s because that there are not enough materials. Otherwise, I can prove them.”

 

 

【原文】

3·10 子曰:“禘(1)自既灌(2)而往者,吾不欲观之矣。”

 

【注释】

(1)禘:读“地”,古代隆重的祭祀典礼,只有天子才可以举行。

(2)灌:禘礼中第一次献酒。

 

【白话】

孔子说:“对于行禘礼的仪式,从第一次献酒以后,我就不愿意看了。”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “As for the grand Di ceremonies held by the lords to offer sacrifices to ancestors, I have already been unwilling to watch them ever since the first time to offer wine.”

 

【原文】

3·11 或问禘之说(1),子曰:“不知也。知其说者之于天下也,其如示诸斯(2)乎!”指其掌。

 

【注释】

(1)禘之说:“说”,理论、道理、规定。禘,读“地”,是祭的一种形式。

(2)示诸斯:“斯”指后面的“掌”字。

 

【白话】

有人问孔子关于举行禘祭的规定。孔子说:“我不知道。知道这种规定的人,对治理天下的事,就会像把这东西摆在这里一样吧!” 孔子指着自己的手掌。

 

【英译】

Someone asked Confucius about the rules to hold Di ceremonies. Confucius said: “I don’t know. As far as the persons are concerned who know these rules, they are probably just like me to put it here.” While saying, he pointed his palm.

 

 

【原文】

3·12 祭如在,祭神如神在。子曰:“吾不与祭,如不祭。”

 

【白话】

祭祀祖先就像祖先真在面前,祭神就像神真在面前。孔子说:“我如果不参加祭祀,那就如同没有祭祀一样。”

 

【英译】

Offer sacrifices to ancestors as if the ancestors are really right here; offer sacrifices to gods as if the gods are really right here. Confucius said: “If I don’t participate in the ceremonies personally, then it’s just like that the ceremonies are not held.”

 

 

【原文】

3·13 王孙贾(1)问曰:“与其媚(2)于奥(3),宁媚于灶(4),何谓也?”子曰:“不然。获罪于天(5),无所祷也。”

 

【注释】

(1)王孙贾:卫灵公的大臣。

(2)媚:谄媚、巴结。

(3)奥:屋内西南角的神。

(4)灶:灶神。

(5)天:以天喻君。

 

【白话】

王孙贾问道:“有人说与其奉承奥神,不如奉承灶神。这话是什么意思?”孔子说:“不对。如果你冒犯上天,怎么祈祷也没用。”

 

【英译】

Wang Sungu asked: “People say that fawning on  room god is not so good  as fawning on  kitchen god. What does it mean?” Confucius said: “No, this saying doesn’t make sense. If you offend the heaven, it’s no use no matter how to  prayer.”

 

【原文】

3·14 子曰:“周监(1)于二代(2),郁郁(3)乎文哉,吾从周。”

 

【注释】

(1)监:读“见”,同鉴,借鉴。

(2)二代:这里指夏代和周代。

(3)郁郁:文采盛貌。丰富、浓郁之意。

 

【白话】

孔子说:“周朝的礼仪制度借鉴于夏、商二代,是多么丰富多彩啊。我遵从周朝的制度。”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “The rite system of Zhou was made by drawing lessons from the two dynasties of Xia and Shang. How rich it is! I’d like to follow Zhou’s system.”

 

【原文】

3·15 子入太庙(1),每事问。或曰:“孰谓鄹(2)人之子知礼乎?入太庙,每事问。”子闻之,曰:“是礼也。”

 

【注释】

(1)太庙:君主的祖庙。鲁国太庙,即周公旦的庙,供鲁国祭祀周公。

(2)鄹:读“邹”,春秋时鲁国地名,又写作“陬”,在今山东曲阜附近。“鄹人之子”指孔子。

 

【白话】

孔子到了太庙,每件事都要问。有人说:“谁说此人懂得礼呀,他到了太庙里,什么事都要问别人。”孔子听到此话后说:“这就是礼呀!”

 

【英译】

Whenever entering the temple of the lord’s ancestors, Confucius would ask questions about everything. Someone said: “Who says that this person knows proprieties? Whenever he enters the temple of the lord’s ancestors, he asks everything.” Learning this, Confucius said: “This is in itself a sort of propriety.”

 

【原文】

3·16 子曰:“射不主皮(1),为力不同科(2),古之道也。”

 

【注释】

(1)皮:皮,用动物皮做成的箭靶子。

(2)科:等级。

 

【白话】

孔子说:“比赛射箭,不在于穿透靶子,因为各人的力气大小不同。自古以来就是这样。”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “When shooting an arrow, the key point doesn’t lie in shooting through the target because people are different in physical strength. It’s always been like this since ancient times.”

 

 

【原文】

3·17 子贡欲去告朔(1)之饩羊(2)。子曰:“赐也!尔爱(3)其羊,我爱其礼。”

 

【注释】

(1)告朔:朔,农历每月初一为朔日。告朔,古代制度,天子每年秋冬之际,把第二年的历书颁发给诸侯,告知每个月的初一日。

(2)饩羊:饩,读“细”。饩羊,祭祀用的活羊。

(3)爱:爱惜。

 

【白话】

子贡提出赦免每月初一祭祖的活羊。孔子说:“赐,你爱惜那只羊,我却爱惜那种礼。”

 

【英译】

Tzu Gong suggested that alive sheep not be used when holding the ceremony of offering sacrifices in the temple of the lord’s ancestors on the first day of each month. Confucius said: “Ci ( i.e.Tzu Gong), you l care for the sheep, but I treasure the proprieties.”

 

 

【原文】

3·18 子曰:“事君尽礼,人以为谄也。”

 

【白话】

孔子说:“我完全按周礼事奉君主,别人却以为这是诌媚呢。”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “I serve the lord completely according to the proprieties of Zhou Dynasty, but people think I toady the lord.”

 

 

【原文】

3·19 (1)定公问:“君使臣,臣事君,如之何?”孔子对曰:“君使臣以礼,臣事君以忠。”

 

【注释】

(1)定公:鲁国国君,姓姬名宋,定是谥号。公元前509~前495年在位。

(2)使:使唤,差人做事。

 

【白话】

鲁定公问孔子:“君主怎样使唤臣下,臣子怎样事奉君主呢?”孔子回答说:“君主应该按照礼的要求去使唤臣子,臣子应该以忠来事奉君主。”

 

【英译】

Ding Gong (i.e. the lord of the country Lu) asked: “How does a lord order his courtiers and how do the courtiers serve their lord?” Confucius said: “A lord orders his courtiers according to the proprieties while the courtiers serve their lord loyally and devotedly.”

 

 

【原文】

3·20 子曰:“《关睢》(1),乐而不淫,哀而不伤。”

 

【注释】

(1)《关睢》:睢,读“居”。《诗经》开篇之作。写一君子追求淑女,因思恋过甚而辗转反侧,难以入眠的忧思,以及结婚时钟鼓乐之琴瑟友之的欢乐。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“《关睢》这篇诗,快乐而不放荡,忧愁而不哀伤。”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “The poem Guan Juis joyful but not loose; depressed but not sorrowful.”

 

【原文】

3·21 哀公问社(1)于宰我,宰我(2)对曰:“夏后氏以松,殷人以柏,周人以栗,曰:使民战栗(3)。”子闻之,曰:“成事不说,遂事不谏,既往不咎。”

 

【注释】

(1)社:土地神,祭祀土神的庙也称社。

(2)宰我:名予,字子我,孔子的学生。

(3)战栗:恐惧,发抖。

 

【白话】

鲁哀公问宰我祭祀土地神的事。宰我回答说:“夏朝用松树,商朝用柏树,周朝用栗树。用栗树就是使老百姓战栗。”孔子听后说:“已经做过的事不用提了,已经完成的事不用再去批评了,已经过去的事也不必再追究了。”

 

【英译】

Ai Gong asked Zai Wo something about offering sacrifices to village god. Zai Wo said: “Xia Dynasty used pine trees; Shang Dynasty used cypress trees; and Zhou Dynasty used chestnut trees. By using chestnut trees, it means to make people trembling.” On hearing this, Confucius said: “We’d better not to mention what has already been done, not to criticize what has already been finished, not to go into past misdeeds.”

 

 

【原文】

3·22 子曰:“管仲(1)之器小哉!”或曰:“管仲俭乎?”曰:“管氏有三归(2),官事不摄(3),焉得俭?”“然则管仲知礼乎?”曰:“邦君树塞门(4),管氏亦树塞门;邦君为两君之好有反坫(5),管氏亦有反坫。管氏而知礼,孰不知礼?”

 

【注释】

(1)管仲:姓管名夷吾,齐国人,春秋时期法家先驱。齐桓公的宰相,辅助其成为诸侯霸主,卒于公元前645年。

(2)三归:相传是三处藏钱币的府库。

(3)摄:兼任。

(4)树塞门:树,树立。塞门,在大门口筑的一道短墙,以别内外,相当于影壁。

(5)反坫:坫,读“电”。古国君招待别国国君时,放置献过酒的空杯之土台。

 

【白话】

孔子说:“管仲这个人的器量真是狭小呀!”有人说:“管仲节俭吗?”孔子说:“他有三处藏金处,就连管家都实行专责制,这怎么谈得上节俭呢?”那人又问:“那么管仲知礼吗?”孔子回答:“国君大门口修建影壁,管仲在大门口也修建照壁。国君同别国国君会见时在堂上有放空酒杯的设备,管仲也有这样的设备。如果说管仲知礼,那么还有谁不知礼呢?”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “What a narrow-minded person Guan Zhong is!” Someone asked: “Is he thrifty?” Confucius said: “Guan Zhong has three places to hide his money. Even his butlers undertake specific responsibility. How can it be considered thrift?”  The person asked again: “Does Guan Zhong know rules of proprieties?” Confucius said: “The lord has a screen wall at the gate. So does he. The lord has a special earth terrace on which to put empty wine-cups. So does he. If Guan Zhong knows the rules of proprieties, who doesn’t know?”

 

 

【原文】

3·23 子语(1)鲁大师(2)乐,曰:“乐其可知也:始作,翕(3)如也;从(4)之,纯(5)如也,皦(6)如也,绎(7)如也,以成。”

 

【注释】

(1)语:读“玉”,告诉,动词用法。

(2)大师:大,读“太”。大师是乐官名。

(3)翕:读“西”。意为合、聚、协调。

(4)从:读“纵”,意为放纵、展开。

(5)纯:美好、和谐。

(6)皦:读“脚”,音阶分明。

(7)绎:连续不断。

 

【白话】

孔子对鲁国乐官谈论演奏音乐的道理说:“奏乐的道理是可以知道的:开始演奏,各种乐器合奏,声音繁美;继续展开下去,悠扬悦耳,音阶分明,连续不断,最后完成。”

 

【英译】

Confucius talked the principles of music playing to the musicians of the country Lu: “The principles of music playing are understandable: at the beginning, you do an instrumental ensemble and the sound is nice; then you expand your playing, the sound is melodious, the scales are distinct. Do this ceaselessly, and at last, your playing comes to an end.”

 

【原文】

3·24 仪封人(1)请见,曰:“君子之至于斯也,吾未尝不得见也。”从者见之(2)。出曰:“二三子何患于丧(3)乎?天下之无道也久矣,天将以夫子为木铎(4)。”

 

【注释】

(1)仪封人:仪为地名,在今河南兰考县境内。封人,系镇守边疆的官。

(2)从者见之:随行的人见了他。

(3)丧:失去,这里指失去官职。

(4)木铎:铃的木舌。古代天子发布政令时摇它以召集听众。此处指能号令天下的人。

 

【白话】

仪的地方官求见孔子,说:“凡是君子到这里来,我从来没有见不到的。”孔子的随从学生引他去见了孔子。他出来后说:“诸位何愁没官可做呢?天下无道已经很久了,上天将以孔夫子为圣人来号令天下。”

 

【英译】

A local official in Yi asked to see Confucius saying: “Whenever a gentleman comes here, I’ve never failed to see him.” A student of Confucius’ led him to see the master. When coming out, he said: “No reasons for you to worry about having no opportunities to be officials. Heaven looks upon Confucius as a sage and let him to lead the people.”

 

 

【原文】

3·25 子谓韶(1):“尽美(2)矣,又尽善(3)也。”谓武(4):“尽美矣,未尽美也。”

 

【注释】

(1)韶:相传是古代歌颂虞舜的一种乐舞。

(2)美:指乐曲的音调、舞蹈的形式而言。

(3)善:指乐舞的思想内容而言的。

(4)武:相传是歌颂周武王的一种乐舞。

 

【白话】

孔子讲到“韶”这一乐舞时说:“艺术形式美极了,内容也很好。”谈到“武”这一乐舞时说:“艺术形式很美,但内容却差一些。”

 

【英译】

When talking the dance namedShao, Confucius said: “Its artistic form is extremely beautiful and its contents are also excellent.” While talking the dance named Wu, he said: “Its artistic form is very beautiful, but its content are not so good.”

 

【原文】

3·26 子曰:“居上不宽,为礼不敬,临丧不哀,吾何以观之哉?”

 

【白话】

孔子说:“居于执政地位的人,不能宽厚待人,行礼的时候不严肃,参加丧礼时也不悲哀,这种情况我怎么能看得下去呢?”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “Some higher officials cannot treat people generously, fail to take part in ceremonies solemnly and show no sorrow when participating in funerals. How can I tolerate this thing?”

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