德国巴伐利亚行随感【2】- Beer Hall Putsch ( 慕尼黑啤酒馆政变 )

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啤 酒馆政变是纳粹 1923 年 11 月 8 日和 9 日在慕尼黑发起的一次未遂政变。以希特勒为首的纳粹党人在政变后,经过审判后被送进了监狱,希特勒在监狱里口述完成了其臭名昭著的《我的奋斗》一书。正如 《第三帝国的兴亡》书中所说: “ 政变虽然是场大失败,可是却使希特勒成了全国著名的人物,而且在许多人的心目中,成了一个爱国志士和英雄。纳粹党的宣传立 刻把这次政变说成是他们运动中伟大传奇之一 “ 。

在 1935 年希特勒当政后,啤酒馆政变中毙命的 16 个纳粹党徒的尸体被挖掘出来,改葬在英雄祠( Feldherrnhalle )为其所建的墓室中,这地方也就成了纳粹的圣地。在 1934 年后的纳粹德国的 Blood Order 勋章就是以此为背景。有意思的是当时 16 个纳粹党徒的名字被刻在墓室上的金属板上,而四名在事件中死去的巴伐利亚警察的名字也被铭刻在安置在英雄祠的侧墙上的金属板上。显然德国人,即便是纳粹党 徒对敌人和同胞的概念与我们不同。二战期间英雄祠在盟军的猛烈轰炸下没有受到什么损害。 16 个纳粹党徒的尸体被盟军在 1947 年移走,英雄祠恢复成了原样。

以下文字节选自《第三帝国的兴亡》第三章 凡尔赛、魏玛和啤酒馆政变:

11 月 9 日德意志共和国成立纪念日上午快到 11 点钟的时候,希特勒和鲁登道夫率领大约 3000 人的一队冲锋队员,从贝格勃劳凯勒酒馆的花园里出发,向慕尼黑市中心前进。同他们并肩走在行列前面的,有冲锋队长戈林、施勃纳一里希特、罗森堡、希特勒的 卫士乌里希 • 格拉夫以及六七个纳粹党的其他头目和战斗联盟的领袖。一幅卐字旗和高地联盟的旗帜在队伍前面迎风招展。在头几排行列后面跟着一辆卡车,架着机 关枪,载着机关枪手。冲锋队员们肩上挂着马枪,有的还上了刺刀。希特勒手中握着手枪。这并不是一支什么了不起的军队,但是曾经统率德国百万雄师的鲁登道夫 显然认为,要实现他的目的,这已经够用了。【此后省略若干字】

在海军广场,纳粹党队伍遇到了正在听纽伦堡来的反犹主义者尤利乌斯 • 施特莱彻讲话的一大群人。施特莱彻是在一听到政变消息后马上赶到慕尼黑来的。他不想被抛在革命之外,就中断了演讲,参加了反叛分子的行列,紧紧地跟在希特勒的后面。

中午过后不久,游行队伍走近了他们的目的地:罗姆和他的冲锋队员们被国防军包围的陆军部。到这个时候为止,被围者和包围者都还没有发过一枪。罗姆和他的手下人员都是行伍出身,在铁丝网的另一边,有不少战时伙伴。双方都无心杀人。

为了要到陆军部去救罗姆出险,希特勒和鲁登道夫现在领导他们的队伍穿过狭窄的府邸街,这条街在英烈祠旁边,通向开阔的奥第昂广场。就在这条狭窄的街道尽头,有大约 100 名荷枪实弹的警察把守着,不准队伍通过。他们位居战略要冲,这一次,他们不再退让了。

究竟哪一方面先开枪,这一点后来一直没有查明。双方都把责任往对方身上。【此后省略若干字】

不 管怎么样,反正有人开了一枪,接着就是一阵双方互击,顿时使希特勒的希望化为泡影,施勃纳一里希特倒了下来,受了致命的重伤,戈林大腿上中了一枪,伤势甚 重,也倒了下来。在 60 秒钟之内,枪声就停止了,但是已经有不少人躺在街上 —— 总共 16 名纳粹党人和 3 名警察,有的已经毙命,有的奄奄一息,另外还有不少人受伤,其余的人,包括希特勒在内,都卧倒在地躲避子弹。

英文原文如下:

THE BEER HALL PUTSCH

Toward on the morning of November 9, the anniversary of the proclamation of the German Republic, Hitler and Ludendorff led a column of some three thousand storm troopers out of the gardens of the Buergerbraukeller and headed for the center of Munich. Beside them in the front rank marched Goering, commander of the S.A., Scheubner-Richter, Rosenberg, Ulrich Graf, Hitler’s bodyguard, and half a dozen other Nazi officials and leaders of the Kampfbund. A swastika flag and a banner of the Bund Oberland were unfurled at the head of the column. Not far behind the first ranks a truck chugged along, loaded with machine guns and machine gunners. The storm troopers carried carbines, slung over their shoulders, some with fixed bayonets. Hitler brandished his revolver. Not a very formidable armed force, but Ludendorff, who had commanded millions of Germany’s finest troops, apparently thought it sufficient for his purposes.

【此后省略若干字】

At the Marienplatz the Nazi column encountered a large crowd which was listening to an exhortation of Julius Streicher, the Jew-baiter from Nuremberg, who had rushed to Munich at the first news of the putsch. Not wishing to be left out of the revolution, he cut short his speech and joined the rebels, jumping into step immediately behind Hitler.

Shortly after the marchers neared their objective, the War Ministry, where Roehm and his storm troopers were surrounded by soldiers of the Reichswehr. Neither besiegers nor besieged had yet fired a shot. Roehm and his men were all ex-soldiers and they had many wartime comrades on the other side of the barbed wire. Neither side had any heart for killing.

To reach the War Ministry and free Roehm, Hitler and Ludendorff now led their column through the narrow Residenzstrasse, which, just beyond the Feldherrnhalle, opens out into the spacious Odeonsplatz. At the end of the gullylike street a detachment of police about one hundred strong, armed with carbines, blocked the way. They were in a strategic spot and this time they did not give way.

Which side fired first was never established. Each put the blame on the other 。

此后省略若干字】

At any rate a shot was fired and in the next instant a volley of shots rang out from both sides, spelling in that instant the doom of Hitler’s hopes. Scheubner-Richter fell, mortally wounded. Goering went down with a serious wound in his thigh. Within sixty seconds the firing stopped, but the street was already littered with fallen bodies – sixteen Nazis and three police dead or dying, many more wound.

注释:

1. Marienplatz 译成为海军广场是个错误,应为玛丽亚或玛丽广场,当年的译者大概不懂德文和不了解慕尼黑及巴伐利亚的罗马天主教的影响和历史。而将 Marien 与 marine 混淆了。

2. Residenzstrasse 译成府邸街有意思,其原意是皇宫大街。

3. 将 Feldherrnhalle 译成英雄祠比英烈祠要更加准确。

4. 冲锋队员: The storm troopers

5. carbine: 马枪。需要说明地是这里 carbine 不是指 Karabiner 98k (真正意义上的 carbine )而是指的是 Karabiner 98b ,其与 Mauser98 长度相同。


这就是狭窄的府邸街( Residenzstrasse ),铜狮子前的街道就是纳粹与警察交火的地方

巴伐利亚陆军英雄祠 ( Munich Feldherrnhalle - Field Marshals' Hall 。
It is a monumental loggia in Munich, Germany. It was built between 1841 and 1844. The Feldherrnhalle was a symbol of the honors of the Bavarian Army. It contains statues of military leaders Johann Tilly and Karl Philipp von Wrede. The central sculptural group was added in 1882, after the Franco-Prussian War. From Wikipedia )


奥第昂广场( Odeonsplatz ),英雄祠( Feldherrnhalle )及 Theatine 教堂
 


1923 年 11 月 9 日的奥第昂广场的围观人群(纳粹与警察交火之后) - 照片来自于网络
 


啤酒馆政变的主要人物在审判期间( 4/1/1924 )的合影 - 照片来自于网络
 


1945 年盟军占领慕尼黑时的照片 - 照片来自于网络
从照片中可以看到, 16 个纳粹党徒的墓室及纪念牌以及 4 个警察的纪念牌 .

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