[英诗汉译] 莎士比亚的夏天（十四行诗第18首）

SONNET 18  by Shakespeare	十四行诗 18  湘西山民译
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date:	我欲将君比夏日， 温柔美丽几时言？ 风摇五月鲜花动， 夏去匆忙过隙间。
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,  And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;	天眼闪时如火焰， 金容隐处尽乌颜。 良辰好景终归去， 时序偶然总变迁。
But thy eternal summer shall not fade  Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest:	愿尔夏时存亘古， 青春艳丽驻人寰。 死神地府难夸口， 词句永生记盛年。
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,  So long lives this and this gives life to thee.	纵使天荒地也老， 君名长伴此诗篇。

（一）诗义

这一首14行诗是莎士比亚最著名的一首。以下是现代英语翻译版本之一（引自网络）：

Shall I compare you to a summer day?
You’re lovelier and milder.
Rough winds shake the pretty buds of May,
and summer doesn’t last nearly long enough.

Sometimes the sun shines too hot, 
and often its golden face is darkened by clouds.
And everything beautiful stops being beautiful,
either by accident or simply in the course of nature.

But your eternal summer will never fade, 
nor will you lose possession of your beauty,
nor shall death brag that you are wandering in the underworld,
once you’re captured in my eternal verses.

As long as men are alive and have eyes with which to see, 
this poem will live and keep you alive.

（二）诗律

十四行诗结构上可分三个小段（quatrain），加最后两句（couplet） 作结。押韵规律是：ABAB CDCD EFEF GG。 

另外，莎翁的十四行诗每句都是10个音节（syllable)，分为5个音步（meter）。每个音步一个轻读音节一个重读音节构成抑扬格。

格律： 
baBOOM / baBOOM / baBOOM / baBOOM / baBOOM.

例句：
Shall I / com PARE/ thee TO / a SUM / mer’s DAY?
Thou ART / more LOVE / ly AND / more TEM / per ATE

（三）诗味

莎士比亚的诗，读起来至少应该有点古香古色。

（四）翻译

翻译莎士比亚的十四行诗，如果要照顾诗义，诗律，诗味的话，用格律诗律句的形式比较合适。

诗义，很多翻译都做到了。

诗律，很多翻译都照搬原诗押韵格式，似乎与汉语习惯相差较远。抑扬则完全不顾。十四行诗为五音步，七言诗为四音步。但汉语没有五音步的格律诗，故用七言四音步。

诗味，用格律诗翻译格律诗，从形式上来说应该是比较恰当的。翻译时平仄安排前8句与七律相同，后6句按照粘对的规则继续。 能用对仗联句用对仗。