(小标题:“大气喷水地球工程方法清除污染来解决中国城市的雾霾”
浙江省“千人计划”入选者,中国浙江大学和美国北卡州立大学客座正教授俞绍才博士最近在国际著名科学杂志《Environmental Chemistry Letters》上发表了题为“Water spray geoengineering to clean air pollution formitigating haze in China’s cities”(“喷水地球工程方法清除空气污染来解决中国城市的雾霾”)的论文(见Shaocai Yu, Water spray geoengineering to clean airpollution for mitigating haze in China’s cities, Environ Chem Lett, DOI10.1007/s10311-013-04440, 2013, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-013-0444-0/fulltext.html;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-013-0444-0),在国际上首次提出了可用水来遏制中国的雾霾和大气污染的地球工程方法。科学技术领域中世界最大出版者Springer特为该论文发表新闻稿 (press release) (见, http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-6-1450943-0)。世界媒体广泛报道该论文的方法和结果 (见后面, 如 sciencedaily, sciencecodex, natureworldnews,pbs, IBtimes (国际财经日报), phys.org, 中国日报(usa.chinadaily), 香港先驱報(Kongkongherald), 南華早報 (southChina Morning Post),中国气象局(http://library.cma.gov.cn/index/xxsd/201401/t20140110_55337.htm),中国科学院(http://www.rcees.ac.cn/xwzx/kydt/201401/P020140130353246573739.pdf), 生物探索等)。俞绍才教授在该文中提出用向大气中喷水就像用水浇草地(花园和农场)一样来清除大气中PM2.5及大气污染物。该方法的原理及其机理具体见论文。该方法最基本原理是“大气降水过程是大气污染的最有效的清除过程”。这已是众所皆知的事实。该论文也指出大气喷水清污的地球工程方法一样可大规模应用于美国和其他的世界大城市来解决他们的大气污染和灰霾问题。该论文提出的大气喷水地球工程方法具体简介如下:
Figure 1.Conceptual pictures of the geoengineering scheme by spraying water into the atmosphere like watering gardens to scavenge air pollution at the top of high buildings and towers (like (a) CCTV building and (b) Shanghai DongfangTower) and square (like (c)Tiananmensquare). The background is haze pollution in Beijing in January of 2013 based on the pictures from (http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/01/chinas-toxic-sky/100449/). An example for spraying water into the atmosphere at the top of U.S. Embassy Beijing building to scavenge airpollution is shown in (d).
Figure 1A. 所喷出水在地面上如何重新收集起来做再次喷水使用的概念图,包括存2000-3000公斤水的水容器, 收集水的伞及自动喷水系统。背景是天安门广场2013年一月的灰霾污染。除了杆之外,整个系统是可移动的。因为空气污染在大气中是流动的, 整个天安门广场估计只需要几个这样的喷水清洗污染物系统就可以了(需要更多的测试).
Figure 1B. 在建筑物的屋顶上安装喷水装置向建筑物外大气喷水的概念图.就如你给自家花园浇水一样。没有必要安装巨型喷水装置. 一个建筑物需要安装8喷水装置.
(1)对城市建筑群,在各个建筑物(及高塔)(如中央电视台主楼顶及上海东方明珠塔)的屋顶上安装喷水装置向建筑物外大气喷水,就如你给自家花园浇水一样 (参见图1)。。喷出的水自然会把周围大气中污染物清洗干净,时间可长可短,视当时污染情况及气象条件而定。
(2)对于空旷的地方如广场和公园等(如天安门广场),可建水塔或其他方法将水引向高处(最好100-200米高度以上,因为大部分空气污染都位于该高度以下),然后向周围的大气喷水来清除大气中的污染物。所喷出水可在地面上重新收集起来做再次喷水使用。通过这种方式,大气喷水地球工程方法并不需要太多的水资源 (参见图1A)。
(3) 以上(1) 和(2)也适用于工业区大气污染物的清除。
该大气喷水地球工程方法的优点包括:
(1)向大气中喷水来清除大气污染物的过程是像下雨一样的自然过程,因此是可行的。
(2) 只要向大气中喷浇足够的水量,可在短时间迅速清除大气中的污染物。根据我的研究,在合理的喷水下(合理水滴大小和喷水强度下), 大气喷水地球工程方法可在很短的时间内(从几分钟到几小时)非常有效减少PM2.5的浓度到35 每立方米微克 (国家环境空气质量标准) (参见图2,3)。.
(3)该方法有很好的技术可行性,因为所需要的物质及技术条件都已经存在,如高层建筑物,塔,水及自动喷水系统。
(4)低成本,向大气中喷水系统不需要太高的技术,同时所需要的水可取自江、河、湖,无需达到饮用水标准。所喷出水可在地面上重新收集起来做再次喷水使用。如果你可以花半小时浇灌你的花园,你也可以花30分钟清洗你周围的大气,得到清洁的空气。相信费用要比直接消除污染排放低多了。
(5)该方法清除大气污染物的效率高。大自然已经无数次证明了下雨是大气污染物最有效的清除方法。当然不同的喷水方法会影响清除大气污染物的效率。喷出的水强度及水滴大小直接决定了喷水的清污效率。同时还需要用大气污染模型预报大气污染分布,以便决定在何时何地何高度喷水。还需要随时观测浓度,以决定何时停止喷水。这样才能增加效率,减少成本。当然在灰霾很严重时,可用人工方式产生下雨 (人工降雨),以便清除更多的大气污染。总之,你可以使用一切方法向大气喷水 (如可向大气打水炮)。
(6)其他好处还包括该喷水地球工程方法也可同时清除大气中其他污染物如二氧化硫和氮氧化物,可减少光化学烟雾污染(臭氧,O3)发生和二次污染物形成的可能性。从屋顶上喷下的水也可清洗街道。
该大气喷水地球工程方法可能的问题包括:
(1)如果向大气中喷太多水,会产生水灾,这一般不可能发生。
(2)如果向大气中喷出的水滴太小,水滴在到达地面时就已经完全蒸发了,如果是这样,就会增加大气中的湿度而没达到清污的目的。如果大气中的湿度增加,就可能会增加PM2.5的浓度,从而增加雾霾的严重性。这应该是这个方法最需要注意和避免的事情。
(3)在天气寒冷的时候 (如冬季),喷出的水可能在道路上形成冰,使路面打滑. 这个是需要注意和避免的事情。
综合以上所述,只要通过对城市的各个区域仔细的考虑和预先评估,本工作提出向大气中喷水清污的地球工程球方法一定是可行的,对环境是安全的及无显著副作用。很容易在社区大规模应用和实践这个方法。当然还有其他方法可以解决中国大气污染灰霾问题如北京奥运会期间一样关闭污染工厂和停止开车,或像美国一样把污染企业工厂都搬到其他国家去。另一方面人工产生大风可以增加PM2.5的干沉降来清除大气中的污染物 (但是, 清除大气污染物, 湿沉降比干沉降更有效的多)。但目前来看,这些方法在中国是行不通的。另一方面美国的达拉斯 (Dallas), 洛杉矶(Los Angeles), 犹他州盐湖城 (Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Valley) 等大城市的大气污染和灰霾一样很严重,本工作提出向大气中喷水清污的地球工程方法一样可大规模应用于这些美国和其他的世界大城市来解决他们的大气污染和灰霾问题。在我的论文发表后, 我今天刚读一篇1957发表在>上关于人工影响天气和烟雾的文章 (Neiburger, M., Weather modification and smog, Science,126 (3275), 637-645, 1957)。Neiburger在文章中讨论人工消除洛杉矶烟雾的各种建议, 包括消除逆温层法; 大风吹走烟雾法; 减少太阳光法及喷水法等。根据他的计算与分析, Neiburger的结论是所有这些人工办法都不可行。主要的原因是相对于污染直接减排, 这些人工办法都太贵。关于大气喷水消除洛杉矶烟雾法, Neiburger也认为是可行, 但不可能实现的, 因为会要求用太多的水。在Neiburger 的简单计算与分析中, 他没考虑这样一个事实:所喷出水可在地面上重新收集起来做再次喷水使用。取自江、河和湖的水经喷水使用后又会流回江、河和湖。通过这种方式,本工作提出大气喷水地球工程方法并不需要用太多的水资源。因此是可行的和可实现的。对于不缺水的中国江南地区,本工作提出大气喷水地球工程方法清除空气污染来解决城市的灰霾更不是问题。Neiburger的文章和结论至少可以部分解释多年来为什么大气喷水法没应用于这些美国和其他的世界大城市来解决他们的大气污染和灰霾问题的原因。
当然关于这个向大气喷水清污的地球工程方法还需要进一步研究和完善。以便更有效的应用。最主要的是自动喷水系统需要特别设计以便喷出所需要的水滴的大小和强度。同时还需要各城市的时时大气污染预报系统来确定何时何地何高度喷水以达到最大清洗效率及最低成本。目前为成功地应用和实践该大气喷水地球工程方法, 相关研究正在进行。
最后想说明的是,因为大气污染每天都会由每个人的活动(如锅炉燃煤, 烹饪、汽车尾气等)、工业排放和天然源排放产生,所以每天都要向大气中喷水以清除大气污染,防止大气污染的积累,这也需要全民一起行动起来,人人有责,“既然同呼吸,就要共奋斗,大家都尽一把力”(2013国务院常务会议环保部部长周生贤说),每天给你周围的大气洗个脸吧。当然消除污染排放也是需要的。只有这样才能真正清除和控制大气污染。特别是人口密集地区和重点大城市。希望各位行动起来,在你所在的居住地楼顶上向周围的大气中喷水,就像给你家的草地浇水一样,你就能清洗你周围的大气,得到清洁的空气。如果每个人每个楼都行动,每个楼附近的大气就是清洁的空气了,相信整个城市的大气就是干净的。因为人们都是在建筑物顶以下活动,所以只要保证建筑物顶以下 (100-200米以下) 空气是干净就可以了。我想没有大气污染的中国城市建筑群和蓝天白云 将是一个多么美好的世界。
这里,我还想强调的是直接消除污染排放(直接减排)也是治标不治本的。这是因为如果直接减排机器坏了,污染排放立即恢复。而且直接减排机器还需要每天运转。唯一消除污染的治本方法是把污染企业工厂都搬到其他国家去或关闭污染工厂。
为引起广大网友,科学家和国家有关部门对这大气喷水地球工程方法的高度重视及尽快大规模应用和实践这个方法。特将我的简历附如下(我在大气污染、雾霾、酸雨、大气降水与气候变化有着30年的研究经验 (10年在中国,20年在美国)):
俞绍才 (Shaocai Yu) 教授、博士简历
1985年毕业于北京大学,获应用化学学士学位;1988年毕业于北京大学,获大气化学硕士学位; 1999年毕业于美国北卡罗莱纳州立大学,获大气科学博士学位;1999年到2001年在美国杜克大学作博士后。1985年到1988年任北京大学研究助理; 1988年到1994年任厦门环保局环保工程师; 1994年到1999年任北卡罗莱纳州立大学研究助理; 1999年到2001 年任杜克大学副研究员; 2001年到2004年任美国国家环保署(U.S.EPA)/ UCAR访问科学家;2004年到2009年任U.S. EPA/STC 高级科学家;2009年至2013 任美国国家环保署国家环境暴露研究实验室(NERL)大气模拟部物理科学家 (联邦政府)、是大气模拟部研究和开发模拟气溶胶-云-气候相互作用方法的首席研究员(Lead investigator);2012年至今任美国北卡罗莱纳州立大学客座正教授; 2010年至今任中国科学院城市环境研究所客座教授。英国皇家气象学会院士 (fellow)。浙江省“千人计划”入选者。获美国国家环保署2011年银质奖章 (美国国家环保署的最高级别奖项),获美国国家环保署2011年科学与技术成就二等奖, 获美国国家环保署2011年科学与技术成就荣誉奖奖, 获美国国家环保署2009,2010, 2011, 2012年特别成就嘉许奖。在Nature,New England of Medicine, J. Geophys. Res, Geophys. Res. Lett,Environ. Sci. &Tech., Atmos. Environ. ,Atmos.Chem. Phys.,环境科学学报,环境科学等国内外学术刊物及会议文集上发表论文共160余篇。作为通讯作者,在 Nature 上发表 “Massive volcanic SO2oxidation and sulphate aerosol deposition in Cenozoic North America”(Nature, 465, 909-912,2010)。2010年 “区域环境系统交互作用” 国际学术研讨会召集人之一及分组主席。2003年法国EGS-AGU-EUG 联合大会VOC和二次有机碳小组召集人之一及分组主席 ;2001 年美国地球物理学会(AGU)年会气溶胶-云分组主席。北京大学北卡校友会会长。担任国际学术刊物 Atmospheric and ClimateSciences >>主编, CurrentAdvances in Environmental Science>>主编, Environmental Chemistry Letters>> 副主编,《Inter.J. of Applied Math. and Comput.》、《Inter. J. of Atmos. Sci.》、《ISRN Atmos. Sci.》、《DISASTER ADVANCES》和《European Geophysical Society on-line News letter》编委。《J. Geophys. Res.》、《Atmos.Environ.》、《Atmos. Res.》《J。Atmos. Chem. 》《Atmos.Chem. Phys》等国际期刊审稿人。
声明:
本文目的是希望为尽快解决中国严重的雾霾(PM2.5)和大气污染问题出力。文中各种观点不代表任何组织,仅是个人博克的观点。
如果您有问题及需要该论文请与我联系:
如果有关组织、基金、部门愿意资助支持我做大规模实验及进一步研究和完善该大气喷水地球工程方法的, 请与我联系.
世界媒体广泛报道该论文的方法和结果如下 (by Feb. 4, 2014) :
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