600万乌难民涌欧洲惹怨 这2国收留最多
俄乌战争爆发至今逾一年，据联合国难民署（UNHCR）数据显示，已有超过1800万乌克兰人被迫逃离家园，当中逾600万人前往欧洲国家避难，造成欧洲自二战以来最大的“难民危机“，欧洲各国的就业、医疗、住房、教育等压力日增，民怨四起。
据大公报报导，收留乌克兰难民最多的欧洲国家是波兰，接收约156万人；其次是德国的105万人，捷克则收留48万难民。波兰首都华沙协助难民的国际救援委员会成员菲利浦表示，接收难民在像华沙这样的城市很困难，因为早在战事之前，这里的房屋短缺和租金飙涨问题就很严重了。
随着愈来愈多难民的涌入，欧洲多国的住房、教育、医疗等资源不断被瓜分，当地民众的情绪也因为房租飙升、职位和学位变少而不满。有调查显示，51%的德国人认为已接收太多的乌克兰难民，德国“另类选择”党领袖甚至呼吁关闭边境，称德国的福利制度正面临“严重威胁”。
报导指出，英国为鼓励民众接收乌克兰难民，向接收乌克兰难民的个人或家庭、团体提供每月350英镑（约433美元）的“感谢金”。然而，一些英国民众表示，已出现多宗难民诈骗及偷窃案，有不肖人士在脸书上以配对接收家庭为由，试图窃取对方的护照证件、个人详细资料，通过盗用身分进行诈骗。
接收难民的欧洲民众怨声载道之际，大多数乌克兰难民的日子也不好过。挪威难民委员会（NRC）一项调查显示，约七成生活在波兰、罗马尼亚和摩尔多瓦的乌克兰难民根本无力负担食物、住宿和医疗等基本生活需求。
有专家表示，除了找工作、住房上的困难外，战争给这些难民带来的身心创伤和语言障碍也让他们更难融入异国生活。
欧洲安全与合作组织（OSCE）打击人口贩卖部门注意到，俄乌冲突开始后，将“伴游”、“色情”、“性侵”的词语加上“乌克兰”的搜寻量激增600%。不法分子利用难民语言不通、害怕报警会影响居留申请的特点趁机犯案。
About the War in Ukraine
https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/ukraine/
UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency
The war in Ukraine began on February 24, 2022 following the Russian Federation’s invasion of the country. As a result of heavy shelling and fighting, an estimated 6 million people have been driven from their homes and are internally displaced and more than 8 million people have crossed into neighboring countries in the region including Poland, Hungary, Moldova and other countries across Europe. Poland has welcomed the greatest number of Ukrainian refugees, hosting nearly 60 percent of all refugees from Ukraine.
Missile and rocket attacks have caused widespread death, destruction of homes and businesses and severely damaged energy infrastructures across Ukraine. The energy crisis is disrupting public access to water, electricity, heating, healthcare, education and social protection. Many Ukrainians are living in damaged homes or in buildings ill-prepared for life-threatening freezing temperatures. As the war continues, humanitarian needs are multiplying and spreading. An estimated 17.6 million people in Ukraine will need humanitarian assistance in 2023.
Particularly vulnerable groups include older people and people with disabilities who may be unable to flee from high-risk areas. Women and children, who make up approximately 90 percent of people fleeing the crisis, are at risk of gender-based violence and sexual exploitation and abuse. UNHCR is on the ground in Ukraine and across Europe ensuring basic and urgent needs are met. UNHCR and UNICEF have partnered together to establish 39 Blue Dots across eight different countries—one-stop safe spaces equipped to provide information, counseling, mental health and psychosocial support, legal aid and protection services for refugees.
The war in Ukraine has caused ripple effects across the world—disrupting global supply chains and increasing the price of food, fuel and other commodities. Displaced people living in already vulnerable situations are at risk of gender-based violence and other forms of abuse. The UN Refugee Agency saw a $700 million funding gap in the first year of the war in Ukraine, putting great strain on operations in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Iraq, Ethiopia and other countries in dire need of support.
“Donors – governments, business, and private individuals – have been incredibly generous over the past year,” the UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi said concluding a six day visit to Ukraine in January 2023. “This must be sustained if we are to provide people with the support they urgently need today and for the coming year. I hope all our donors will continue to enable the response to these humanitarian needs.”
