修复全球治理
https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/global-governance-g20-imf-world-bank-wto-need-reform-by-gordon-brown-2023-09
戈登·布朗 2023 年 9 月 25 日
全球治理的持续失败反映了从单极世界向多极世界的更广泛转变。 由于政治驱动经济，而不是相反，形势要求重新构建全球秩序，首先要对二十国集团和布雷顿森林机构进行雄心勃勃的改革。
爱丁堡—本月印度二十国集团峰会和联合国大会结束后，世界领导人将出席在马拉喀什举行的国际货币基金组织和世界银行会议，然后前往迪拜参加联合国气候变化大会（COP28）。 但对于这些峰会能否在应对我们面临的最大挑战方面取得有意义的进展，人们并不乐观，这并不是因为缺乏决心，而是因为我们自二战结束以来一直遵循的全球规则手册已不再适用。
世界日益分裂的现象在 G20 峰会上得到了证实。 尽管这次会议标志着印度成为一个大国，但总理纳伦德拉·莫迪的胜利时刻转瞬即逝。 这次峰会并没有阻止 2020 年代几乎肯定成为低增长十年。
尽管非洲联盟被接纳为二十国集团的正式成员，但南半球国家的巨额债务却没有得到多少减免。 尽管二十国集团成员的碳排放量占全球碳排放量的 75%，但此次峰会未能解决气候融资缺口的规模问题。 根据 G20 资本充足率审查的结果，拜登政府承诺为世界银行额外提供 250 亿美元； 但这个数字远远低于美国前财长劳伦斯·H·萨默斯在今年向二十国集团提交的辛格-萨默斯报告中建议的每年 2600 亿美元的刺激计划。
Fixing Global Governance
Persistent failures of global governance reflect the broader shift from a unipolar to a multipolar world. With politics driving economics, rather than the other way around, the situation demands a rewiring of the global order, starting with ambitious reforms of the G20 and the Bretton Woods institutions.
EDINBURGH – After India’s G20 summit and the UN General Assembly this month, world leaders will attend the International Monetary Fund and World Bank meetings in Marrakesh, before heading to the UN Climate Change Conference (COP28) in Dubai. But there is little optimism that these summits will deliver meaningful progress in tackling our greatest challenges, not because of any lack of resolve, but because the global rulebook we have been following since the end of World War II is no longer fit for purpose.
The world’s growing fragmentation was confirmed at the G20 summit. Though the meeting signaled India’s arrival as a major power, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s moment of triumph was fleeting. The summit did little to prevent the 2020s from almost certainly becoming a low-growth decade.
Despite the African Union’s admission as a full member of the G20, the Global South received scant relief for its crushing debts. And though G20 members are responsible for 75% of global carbon emissions, the summit failed to address the scale of the climate financing gap. Acting on the findings of the G20’s Capital Adequacy Review, the Biden administration has committed to secure an additional $25 billion for the World Bank; but that figure falls far short of the $260 billion annual fillip that former US Treasury Secretary Lawrence H. Summers recommended in the Singh-Summers report to the G20 this year.
