明朝朱元璋后裔承认其为穆斯林的九大证据
英文的，内容和楼下贴文类似
不同之处，是作者是明朝皇族后裔
Ming dynasty is MUSLIM!!!
Many people question the identity of the first Ming emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang or Hongwu Emperor. Some claim that he was a Muslim of Semitic (Semu) origin.
Yusuf Chang, a Chinese Muslim from Taiwan, was one of those who made this claim. He claimed that his ancestor had married a Ming princess and thus he was a descendant of Zhu Yuanzhang and knows the secrets of the Islamic religion of the Ming royal family.
He presented many startling evidences to support his claim. They are:
1. When Zhu Yuanzhang was young, his family perished in a famine and he buried them by wrapping them in white clothes. Wrapping the dead in white cloth is a Muslim custom.
2. Zhu Yuanzhang's closest associates were Muslims. Thus, the Ming dynasty was founded by Muslims.
3. Zhu Yuanzhang passed a strict law forbidding 'wine'. Once he had the son of his close associate killed for breaking the law. 'Wine' is strictly forbidden in Islam.
4. Empress Ma (Zhu's consort) was a Muslim. She had personally cook all the meals for Zhu, even after he had become the Emperor.
5. The royal colour of the Ming dynasty was green, the colour which symbolizes Islam.
6. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the building of a mosque in Nanjing after he ascended the throne and he personally wrote a poem praising Islam and the Prophet Muhammad. This poem is seen by Muslims as the 'syahada' the testimony of Zhu's faith in Islam.
7. Many Muslims rose to high ranks during the Ming dynasty. One good example was Admiral Zheng He. Admiral Zheng He's fleet sailed to Mecca, Arabia and performed the 'haj'. Yusuf Chang claims that Zheng He was sent by the Ming emperor to perform the 'haj' on his behalf because the emperor was not able to do so as he wanted to keep his religion a secret among the non-Muslim masses. This practice is allowed in Islam.
8. The Ming dynasty established good ties with many Muslim countries. This is because the Ming dynasty is MUSLIM and the religion of the Ming royal family is ISLAM.
9 The Islamic Calendar was made the official calendar during the Ming dynasty.
It seems there many evidences to prove the claim that the Ming dynasty is Muslim. Are there as many to disprove the claim?
Chinese Ming Dynasty & Islamic Influences
Guo Zhongli
CHINESE MING DYNASTY & ISLAMIC INFLUENCES
1368-1644 AD - The period of the Chinese Ming dynasty which brought to fore Islam’s heights in Celestial China under the aegis of her archetypical emperor- Chu Yuan-chang (better known as Hung Wu) who traced his Muslim roots to Madeenah in Saudia.
1372 AD - A Tausug mission was sent to Imperial China that, up to this time, had only received sovereign states; Jolo would send more missions in the years following.
- Sabah Journal reported a Ming envoy, Prince Sahib ul-Kahar Ong Sum-ping to have sailed through the Sulu Archipelago to Kinabatangan in North Borneo and established a permanent Chinese foothold in that vast uninhabited island.
1380 AD - Arab judge-cum-scholar, Sheikh Karim ul-Makdum (Arabic for Afather@), arrived in Sulu from Melaka; He built the first mosque at Tubig Indangan in Simunul Sulu and advanced Islamic teaching to neighboring islands but died at Tandu Banak in Sibutu Sulu without ever returning home.
1386 AD - Admiral Cheng Chi-lung was installed as chief of the the Eastern hemisphere; his son Kuo Hsing-yeh (Koxinga to the Europeans) was better known in tactics and strategy is today revered as national hero in China.
1390 AD - Srivijayan Raja Baguinda, a minor ruler of Minangkabau, arrived in Sulu from Swarna Dwipa and founded the town of Bwansa in Jolo Island; His other compatriots, fleeing incoming Majapahit warriors, settled in Negri Sembilan (a state in present-day Malaysia).
1400-1440 AD – China reportedly sent naval expeditions to the coastal towns of present-day Philippines for forty years to familiarize with Moro piratical activities plying the south China Sea even engaging in desultory conflicts with Japanese corsairs.
1402 AD - Temasek ruler Parameswara, again running from invading Majapahit warriors, moved north to Muar and founded a Melaka settlement; He also embraced Islam on marrying a princess from Samudara Pasai and named himself Sultan Iskandar Shah of the Sultanate of Melaka to honor his ancestor Raja Iskandar Zulkarnain (the Macedonian greatman Alexander the Great).
- Melakan Sultan Shah sent a mission to Imperial China in 1405 for which admiral Chengho returned the courtesy in 1409; Shah himself went to China in 1411 AD - with a retinue of four-hundred-fifty confederates accompanied by Chengho himself.
- Melakan Sultan Shah’s home government reforms included specifying the functions of civil service offices like bendahara" (prime minister), temenggong laksamana" (admiral) and "shabandar" (harbor master) and adopted the custom of having ceremonial "white-and-yellow" umbrellas for royalties; He also laid the foundation of present-day Malay court procedures.
1403 AD - Melakan Sultan Shah was visited by a Chinese envoy Yin Ching, and admiral Chengho who arranged for his 1411 China visit; For this effort, Chengho was revered by the locals as the Venerated Sam-po Kong and built for him a baronial temple in Melaka.
1405-1433 AD - Ming emperor Yung Lo sent for seven naval expeditions from his Yangtze estuary to comb the shores of the Eastern Hemisphere employing 27,800 military crew in 1,180 Asampans@ and commanded by Muslim admiral Chengho; Chengho died in 1433 in Calicut (present-day Calcutta). According to Nichol, about the same period, another Chinese envoy was sent to Sulu corollary to this colossal plan of emperor Yung Lo.
1406 AD - Brunei Sultan Ahmad (a.k.a. Pateh Berbai) sent an envoy to Imperial China which occasion inspired him to change his north Bornean settlement to Brunei from a Sanskrit word Abarunai.
1408 AD - Chinese admiral Pei Pei Hsein, who was originally in the expeditionary fleet of Sam-po Kong that earlier visited Melakan Sultan Shah, was forced to land in Jolo because of monsoon rains and settled for sometime in Maubuh beach where he built a deep-well artesian as a gesture of gratitude for local hospitality.
- Early Jolo Chinese settlers revered him on his death as Poon-tao Kong, Athe Celestial,@ and interred his immortal remains at Jati Tunggal in Indanan Sulu where a memorial tombstone stands today.
- Islam widely spread to the North Borneo island in the Darvel Bay area.
1417 AD - Sulu Eastern Nakura Paduka Batara, together with Western Nakura Maharajah Gemding and Northern Nakura Paduka Balabu, including three-hundred-thirty-four Tausug nobles, visited Dezhou town in Shandong China on invitation of the Ming emperor Yung Lo.
- Nakura Paduka Batara of the northern kingdom, however, fell ill in Dezhou and died, necessitating Emperor Yung Lo to order his ministers to honor the distinguished guest with a funeral befitting a visiting king.
- Other tribute bearing missions were sent between 1420-1454 but contacts abruptly ended in 1473 when the Brunei leaders started to control the foreign policy of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu which is now under their governance.
1433 AD - A Seven-Datu-Council codified the Code of Kalantiaw (by Kalantiaw) and the Maragtas Code (by Sumakwel) for the people of Panay Island; Three Adatus from the original ten who came to Panay left for Batangas and Mindoro; Datu Putih was one of them but eventually returned to North Borneo from where no trace of him was found.
图片是接近真实的马皇后和朱元璋
朱元璋“丑陋”的画像恰恰绘制于明朝，如果朱元璋本身长相“顺眼”，而被人故意刻画“丑陋”的话，画师在明朝肯定是死无葬身之地。因此“丑陋”的那张肯定是真实的。
至于“丑陋”是否是真的丑陋，那就另当别论了。我认为这并不是丑陋，而是比较标准的蒙古人后裔的长相。朱元璋是具有蒙古血统的穆斯林?
正方观点：
认为朱元璋是回族人的学者，主要有三个方面的原因。
1. 朱元璋皇子王妃墓出土的陪葬品
陈梧桐先生认为，目前一些认定朱元璋是回族的论说都是站不住脚的。
第一，有人认为朱元璋相貌像是回族。据了解，流传至今的朱元璋画像有多种不同的版本，这些画像大体上可以分为两种。一种是相貌端正，和蔼慈祥，那是经过艺术加工的皇家标准像，与真实的相貌并不相符。另一种比较接近真实的画像，则迥异于一般的汉人。不过，依据相貌特点来确定族属，有失草率。陈先生说：“古今中外，任何民族都有长相奇特的人，谁又能说出哪种相貌肯定是哪个民族的人呢！”
第二，有人提出，朱元璋的原配夫人马皇后姓马，马姓是回族的姓，与回女结婚也就成了回民。陈先生认为，仅凭一个马姓是无法判定马皇后是回民的，因为汉族也有马姓，而且其历史远比回族的马姓更为久远，汉代汉族的马姓之中就已涌现出马援、马融等著名的历史人物了。
第三，有人列举，朱元璋后世子孙是回族的一些“论据”，认为可以作为朱元璋是回族的旁证。比如有人说，建文帝（朱元璋孙子，明朝第二代皇帝）在燕军攻入南京后出走，是赴天方（麦加）伊斯兰教圣地朝觐，这可以表明他是回族。然而，建文帝南京城破之时，究竟是死于宫中大火，还是逃亡在外，是桩历史疑案，至今未有定论。
一、关于明太祖朱元璋的族属考辨持朱元璋为汉族观点的学者和持朱元璋为回族观点的学者，都分别依据一定的资料和分析推论；然而，后者所依据的资料比较有说服力，较合乎情理。现把两种观点所依据的资料分别综合、概括如下：
1．主张朱元璋为汉族说的学者依据明正史的正统观点，认为朱元璋是汉民族的英雄，其理由是：
①朱元璋在起义前曾在皇觉寺当过“和尚”。《明史》卷一载：“太祖孤无所依，乃入皇觉寺为僧。”
②朱元璋汉族观念极深，起义初，以种族革命一“驱逐胡虏，恢复中华”号召天下，目的是推翻元蒙，恢复汉族江山。因元代汉族备受压迫，握有权势者首为蒙古人，次为色目人。因此，明太祖疾恨蒙古人、色目人等外族，并采取种种压抑措施。
③明太祖吴元年(1367年)谕檄北中国曰：“自古帝王临御天下，中国居内，以割夷狄；夷狄居外，以奉中国。未闻以夷狄居中国治天下者也……古云：胡虏无百年之运，验之今日，信乎不谬。当此之时，天运循环，中原气盛亿兆之中，当降生圣人，驱逐胡虏，恢复中华，立纲陈纪，救济斯民。”(《皇明通纪》卷二)。“明太祖的汉族观念从中可见一般。”
④明太祖压抑来华的西域穆斯林蒲寿庚后裔。蒲寿庚在宋时任泉州提举市舶，蒙古军南下时，蒲降元。明太祖对蒲寿庚的叛宋降元极为不满，对于蒲后裔颇为压抑。《闽书》载：“皇朝太祖禁蒲姓者不得读书入仕。”《宋元通鉴》载：“我太祖皇帝禁泉州蒲寿庚、孙胜夫之子不得齿于士，盖治其先世导元倾宋之罪，故禁夷之也。”《日知录》载：“明太祖有天下，治宋末蒲寿庚、黄万石子孙不得仕宦。”
⑤明太祖禁止蒙古人、色目人自相嫁娶，而迫使他们与中国人(汉人)通婚，是歧视、同化包括回回在内的外族。《明律》卷六载：“凡蒙古人、色目人，听与中国人(汉人)为婚姻，不许本类自相嫁娶。违者杖八十，男女入官为奴。”
2．主张朱元璋为回回说的学者认为，朱元璋要在汉族占绝大多数的中国建立帝业，如不依靠汉族，就很难来维持当时的局面。
元末明初的回回与唐宋、元初有所不同。这时的回回，除保持伊斯兰教基本信仰外，已吸收了汉族的不少传统文化，接受了汉语、汉姓；在服饰、生活习惯上与汉族略有不同，已开始中国化了，而且，朱元璋的主要革命目标是推翻蒙古人的统治。因此，他的口号“驱逐胡虏，恢复中华”及“凡蒙古人、色目人，听与中国人为婚姻”的提法与他的身份并不矛盾，是符合情况的。
关于朱元璋在起义前入皇觉寺为僧，乃是在清真寺念经做“海里凡”(这个问题待后详叙。)
关于明太祖压抑蒲寿庚后裔，其因是蒲氏的叛宋降元，这是出于政治的分歧，并非因为蒲氏是穆斯林。历史上和现今，由于政治观点不同，同室操戈者大有人在。
关于明太祖禁止蒙古人、色目人自相嫁娶，听与中国人(汉人)为婚姻一事，马明道先生认为：从表面看，此禁令意在同化回族、蒙古族，实则回化汉族。明太祖是十分了解伊斯兰教法的，知道伊斯兰教禁止穆斯林与非穆斯林通婚，除非改奉伊斯兰教，而蒙古人并无这种严格的规定。明太祖提倡回汉通婚，其深层用意在于扩大回族人数，发展伊斯兰教。
明王室为回回家族的依据，可从以下几个方面来考证：
①从朱元璋的出身和出生地考证明太祖洪武帝姓朱，名元璋，字国瑞，原名兴宗，生于安徽凤阳县，古称濠州，其周围各县，如定远、寿县、怀远、临淮等为历史上回回聚居区。父名朱世珍，母陈氏，生兄弟四人，元璋排行第四，长兄兴隆，次兄兴盛，三兄兴祖，全家务农，地仅数亩，颇贫寒。凤阳城为一南北长、东西窄的长方形小城，西门直对东门，两门之间为一长街，将风阳城分为南北两部分，称南城与北城，北城居民几乎全部都是汉民；而南城居民全部为回民，其中绝大多数姓朱，有清真寺一所，位于南城中央偏西。朱元璋生于南城朱姓群内，按常理推，朱元璋应为回回。1935年，马明道先生随其兄马宏道先生(1899一1968)到凤阳考察访问，当时所见所闻和当地回民父老所说与上述情况相符。
②从朱元璋葬亲仪式考证《明史》载：“至正四年(1344年)旱蝗，大饥疫，太祖时年十七，父母兄相继殁，贫不克葬，里人刘继祖与之地，乃克葬，即凤阳陵也。”但《明史》并未说明是如何克葬的。史学家黎东方博士所著《细说明朝》记载：“他是贫农家庭的安分守己的子弟，在他十七岁的一年，元顺帝至正四年(1344年)旱灾，蝗虫与瘟疫先后降临到他的家乡，濠州钟离县(安徽凤阳)，父亲朱世珍，母亲陈氏，大哥朱兴隆，在几天内相继去世，家里的现款极少，买不起三口棺材，更买不起坟地，幸亏有邻居刘家心好，准他和二哥朱兴盛把父母和大哥三人的尸首用白布裹起，埋在刘家坟地的一个角落。”
按汉族的传统习惯，富户人家所用棺材一般以杉木制成；中等家庭则使用普通木材制成；贫户人家庭则使用薄皮棺材；赤贫者则使用芦苇包卷，抬往旷野埋葬。朱氏一家如是汉族，为何一反汉族的传统习惯而改用白布呢?况且白布的价格比薄板、芦苇昂贵，朱氏一家属赤贫，为何舍弃廉价之物不买而去买昂贵的白布呢?
伊斯兰教规定穆斯林亡者须穿“克凡”(白布殓衣)后土葬。由此可以推断朱家并非穷得买不起最简单的棺材才用白布，而是按伊斯兰教的规定处理丧事。
⑧从朱元璋出家当“和尚”说起《明史》卷一载：“…太祖孤无所依，乃入皇觉寺为僧。”《细说明朝》曰：“…就这样，从阴历四月挨到九月，九月里他进了皇觉寺，受戒当和尚。”
根据回民世代相传，所谓明太祖在起义前曾到皇觉寺出家为僧的说法与史实不符，皇觉寺原是一座清真寺，出家为僧乃是在清真寺里做“海里凡”(经堂学生，西北地区称“满拉”)，皇觉寺这一名称则是朱元璋登基称帝后所赐的名称，意为皇帝在此寺中觉醒。皇觉寺位于凤阳城西门外，是一座坐西向东的寺院。根据中国传统，凡儒、佛、道教的寺庙、观均坐北向南，而中国的清真寺一律坐西朝东，因为中国穆斯林做礼拜时，须朝向位于中国西方的麦加天房，皇觉寺正好坐西朝东，且其建筑形式与我国清真寺建筑形式雷同，这不可能是偶然的。皇觉寺的方向和建筑形式就是回民父老传说正确的佐证。
佛教自中世纪盛行于中国，故中国汉族知识阶级和史学家对佛教比较熟悉，或他们自己就是佛教徒，而对伊斯兰教比较陌生，他们有意无意地用佛教的术语描写伊斯兰教，如把清真寺写成“寺庙”，把宣礼塔写成“佛楼”，把阿訇、“满拉”写成“僧”、“和尚”等。到了近代，西方基督教传入中国，中国的汉族知识界又对基督教熟悉了，于是他们又开始用基督教的术语描写伊斯兰教了，如把清真寺写成“教堂”，把礼拜写成“祷告”，把阿訇、伊玛姆写成“神父”、“牧师”或神职人员，把朝觐写成“朝圣”等等。回族虽说汉语，但不重视学习汉语，汉文化水平远远不如汉族，知识分子稀有，所以用汉文阐述伊斯兰教的著作极少，史学家和用汉文介绍外国宗教或翻译外语著作的学者均为汉族，他们对伊斯兰教缺乏全面、正确的了解，这是中国史藉和介绍宗教的著作中往往把伊斯兰教与佛教；伊斯兰教与基督教混为一谈的主要原因。
没有人只凭相貌就说其为色目人，
鄙视陈梧桐把别人观点歪曲，再装出一副胜利者的德性
//第二，有人提出，朱元璋的原配夫人马皇后姓马，马姓是回族的姓，与回女结婚也就成了回民。陈先生认为，仅凭一个马姓是无法判定马皇后是回民的，因为汉族也有马姓，而且其历史远比回族的马姓更为久远，汉代汉族的马姓之中就已涌现出马援、马融等著名的历史人物了。 //马皇后是回民，已有定论，这个陈梧桐也否认?
不过，遮遮掩掩，欲盖祢张
//第三，有人列举，朱元璋后世子孙是回族的一些“论据”，认为可以作为朱元璋是回族的旁证。比如有人说，建文帝（朱元璋孙子，明朝第二代皇帝）在燕军攻入南京后出走，是赴天方（麦加）伊斯兰教圣地朝觐，这可以表明他是回族。然而，建文帝南京城破之时，究竟是死于宫中大火，还是逃亡在外，是桩历史疑案，至今未有定论。 //
这只是众多证据中的一个，可以说是最弱的证据，如同第一个“相貌”类似
陈梧桐怎么不说“中外两本专著”出版呢？为什么书的名字他也不敢提一下？
