(105)美国诉拉毕诺威茨

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一、故事 United States v. Rabinowitz (1950)

警察拿了法庭的逮捕证,到拉毕诺威茨的办公室逮捕他,因为他出售伪造的珍奇邮票给集邮爱好者。警察在逮捕他的同时,搜索了他办公室的办公桌、保险箱和文件柜,找出了573张伪造的邮票。警方在联邦地区法庭指控拉毕诺威茨违法,胜诉。拉毕诺威茨上诉到联邦上诉法庭,联邦上诉法庭认为警方在没有搜索证的情况下搜索的伪造邮票不能作为犯罪证据。警方上诉到美国最高法院,最高法院推翻了上诉法庭的判决。

 

二、理由

闵屯(Minton)法官主笔法院意见:

美国宪法第四修正案禁止对个人的无理搜索和扣押。但对“无理”没有明确规定。此案中警方有逮捕证逮捕拉毕诺威茨,逮捕他的原因是他出售伪造邮票,出售地点就是他的办公室。所以。有逮捕证并在有限范围内搜索和扣押罪证是合理的搜索和扣押,不违反美国宪法地四修正案。

 

三、讨论

美国宪法第四修正案有很深的历史根源。英国1215年的大宪章的第39款就有类似的表述。但是,第四修正案的制定更多地表达了美国人对英国殖民统治时期英国税官持有的“通用搜查证”的反感,那些税官可以随意搜查民宅。

 

然而,不得无理搜索的定义不一定要求一定要有法庭搜索证。如交通警察拦截了可疑车辆时,就在没有搜查证的情况下对车辆进行搜查。如果有逮捕证,逮捕后搜身是正常程序。『(104)乜泊诉俄亥俄州』一案中无证搜查宅居是违宪。此案介于中间,有逮捕证,对犯案地点进行了搜索,因此法院认为合理。

 

无证搜查是否违宪是一个难以界定的复杂问题。美国当此反恐期间,白宫和国会一直在争论国土安全部无证监听公民电话和互联网信息的问题,就是美国宪法第四修正案的问题之一。

 

四、链接

http://supreme.justia.com/us/339/56/case.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution

http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/translation.html

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