爱因斯坦：探索的动机
在科学的庙堂里有许多房舍，住在里面的人真是各式各样，而引导他们到那里去的动机也实在各不相同。有许多人所以爱好科学，是因为科学给他们以超乎常人的智力上的快感，科学是他们自己的特殊娱乐，他们在这种娱乐中寻求生动活泼的经验和对他们自己雄心壮志的满足；在这座庙堂里，另外还有许多人所以把他们的脑力产物奉献在祭坛上，为的是纯粹功利的目的。如果上帝有位天使跑来把所有属于这两类的人都赶出庙堂，那末聚集在那里的人就会大大减少，但是，仍然还有一些人留在里面，其中有古人，也有今人。我们的普朗克就是其中之一，这也就是我们所以爱戴他的原因。
我很明白，我们刚才在想象随便驱逐可许多卓越的人物，他们对建筑科学庙堂有过很大的也许是主要的贡献；在许多情况下，我们的天使也会觉得难于作出决定。但有一点我可以肯定，如果庙堂里只有被驱逐的那两类人，那末这座庙堂决不会存在，正如只有蔓草就不成其为森林一样。因为，对于这些人来说，只要有机会，人类活动的任何领域都会去干；他们究竟成为工程师、官吏、商人还是科学家，完全取决于环境。现在让我们再来看看那些为天使所宠爱的人吧。
他们大多数是相当怪癖、沉默寡言和孤独的人，但尽管有这些共同特点，实际上他们彼此之间很不一样，不象被赶走的那许多人那样彼此相似。究竟是什么把他们引到这座庙堂里来的呢?这是一个难题，不能笼统地用一句话来回答。首先我同意叔本华(Schopenhauer)所说的，把人们引向艺术和科学的最强烈的动机之一，是要逃避日常生活中令人厌恶的粗俗和使人绝望的沉闷，是要摆脱人们自己反复无常的欲望的桎梏。一个修养有素的人总是渴望逃避个人生活而进入客观知觉和思维的世界；这种愿望好比城市里的人渴望逃避喧嚣拥挤的环境，而到高山上去享受幽静的生活，在那里透过清寂而纯洁的空气，可以自由地眺望，陶醉于那似乎是为永恒而设计的宁静景色。
除了这种消极的动机以外，还有一种积极的动机。人们总想以最适当的方式画出一幅简化的和易领悟的世界图像；于是他就试图用他的这种世界体系(cosmos)来代替经验的世界，并来征服它。这就是画家、诗人、思辨哲学家和自然科学家所做的，他们都按自己的方式去做。各人把世界体系及其构成作为他的感情生活的支点，以便由此找到他在个人经验的狭小范围理所不能找到的宁静和安定。
理论物理学家的世界图像在所有这些可能的图像中占有什么地位呢？它在描述各种关系时要求尽可能达到最高的标准的严格精密性，这样的标准只有用数学语言才能达到。另一方面，物理学家对于他的主题必须极其严格地加以控制：他必须满足于描述我们的经验领域里的最简单事件。企图以理论物理学家所要求的精密性和逻辑上的完备性来重现一切比较复杂的事件，这不是人类智力所能及的。高度的纯粹性、明晰性和确定性要以完整性为代价。但是当人们畏醵?ㄇ拥夭蝗ス芤磺胁豢勺矫?捅冉细丛拥亩?魇保?悄┠芪??颐侨ト鲜蹲匀唤绲恼庖幻煨〔糠值木烤褂质鞘裁茨兀?strong>难道这种谨小慎微的努力结果也够得上宇宙理论的美名吗？
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我认为，是够得上的；因为，作为理论物理学结构基础的普遍定律，应当对任何自然现象都有效。有了它们，就有可能借助于单纯的演绎得出一切自然过程(包括生命)的描述，也就是说得出关于这些过程的理论，只要这种演绎过程并不太多地超出人类理智能力。因此，物理学家放弃他的世界体系的完整性，倒不是一个什么根本原则性的问题。
物理学家的最高使命是要得到那些普遍的基本定律，由此世界体系就能用单纯的演绎法建立起来。要通向这些定律，没有逻辑的道路，只有通过那种以对经验的共鸣的理解为依据的直觉，才能得到这些定律。由于有这种方法论上的不确定性，人们可以假定，会有许多个同样站得住脚的理论物理体系；这个看法在理论上无疑是正确的。但是，物理学的发展表明，在某一时期，在所有可想到的构造中，总有一个显得别的都高明得多。凡是真正深入研究过这问题的人，都不会否认唯一地决定理论体系的，实际上是现象世界，尽管在现象和它们的理论原理之间并没有逻辑的桥梁；这就是莱布尼兹(Leibnitz)非常中肯地表述过的“先定的和谐”。物理学家往往责备研究认识论者没有给予足够的注意。我认为，几年前马赫和普朗克之间所进行的论战的根源就在于此。
渴望看到这种先定的和谐，是无穷的毅力和耐心的源泉。我们看到，普朗克就是因此而专心致志于这门科学中的最普遍的问题，而不是使自己分心于比较愉快的和容易达到的目标上去。我常常听到同事们试图把他的这种态度归因于非凡的意志力和修养，但我认为这是错误的。促使人们去做这种工作的精神状态是同信仰宗教的人或谈恋爱的人的精神状态相类似的；他们每天的努力并非来自深思熟虑的意向或计划，而是直接来自激情。我们敬爱的普朗克就坐在这里，内心在笑我像孩子一样提着第欧根尼的灯笼闹着玩。我们对他的爱戴不需要作老生常谈的说明。祝愿他对科学的热爱继续照亮他未来的道路，并引导他去解决今天物理学的最重要的问题。这问题是他自己提出来的，并且为了解决这问题他已经做了很多工作。祝他成功地把量子论同电动力学、力学统一于一个单一的逻辑体系里。
(本文选自《爱因斯坦文集》，商务印书馆，1976年)
阿原：以前应该是读过的。。。今天看，是终于带了问题，有重点地看。感觉很幸运，正是自己有了些动摇的时候看到这篇，重又有了信心任激情推动我接着走。年轻的时候，在乎结果多些，现在知道自己真的不是爱翁开头提的第二种人，所以为现在所拥有的心怀感激。 附录维基上找来的部分英文翻译, 再加上爱翁 理解宗教的一段。
Principles of Research (1918)
Address at the Physical Society, Berlin, for Max Planck's 60th birthday
In the temple of science are many mansions, and various indeed are they that dwell therein and the motives that have led them thither. Many take to science out of a joyful sense of superior intellectual power; science is their own special sport to which they look for vivid experience and the satisfaction of ambition; many others are to be found in the temple who have offered the products of their brains on this altar for purely utilitarian purposes. Were an angel of the Lord to come and drive all the people belonging to these two categories out of the temple, the assemblage would be seriously depleted, but there would still be some men, of both present and past times, left inside. Our Planck is one of them, and that is why we love him.
I am quite aware that we have just now lightheartedly expelled in imagination many excellent men who are largely, perhaps chiefly, responsible for the buildings of the temple of science; and in many cases our angel would find it a pretty ticklish job to decide. But of one thing I feel sure: if the types we have just expelled were the only types there were, the temple would never have come to be, any more than a forest can grow which consists of nothing but creepers. For these people any sphere of human activity will do, if it comes to a point; whether they become engineers, officers, tradesmen, or scientists depends on circumstances.
Now let us have another look at those who have found favor with the angel. Most of them are somewhat odd, uncommunicative, solitary fellows, really less like each other, in spite of these common characteristics, than the hosts of the rejected. What has brought them to the temple? That is a difficult question and no single answer will cover it.
The state of mind which enables a man to do work of this kind is akin to that of the religious worshiper or the lover; the daily effort comes from no deliberate intention or program, but straight from the heart.
Man tries to make for himself in the fashion that suits him best a simplified and intelligible picture of the world; he then tries to some extent to substitute this cosmos of his for the world of experience, and thus to overcome it. This is what the painter, the poet, the speculative philosopher, and the natural scientist do, each in his own fashion. Each makes this cosmos and its construction the pivot of his emotional life, in order to find in this way the peace and security which he cannot find in the narrow whirlpool of personal experience.
Variant translation: One of the strongest motives that lead men to art and science is escape from everyday life with its painful crudity and hopeless dreariness, from the fetters of one's own ever-shifting desires. A finely tempered nature longs to escape from the personal life into the world of objective perception and thought. With this negative motive goes a positive one. Man seeks to form for himself, in whatever manner is suitable for him, a simplified and lucid image of the world, and so to overcome the world of experience by striving to replace it to some extent by this image. This is what the painter does, and the poet, the speculative philosopher, the natural scientist, each in his own way. Into this image and its formation, he places the center of gravity of his emotional life, in order to attain the peace and serenity that he cannot find within the narrow confines of swirling personal experience.
As quoted in The Professor, the Institute, and DNA (1976) by Rene Dubos; also in The Great Influenza (2004) by John M. Barry
The supreme task of the physicist is to arrive at those universal elementary laws from which the cosmos can be built up by pure deduction. There is no logical path to these laws; only intuition, resting on sympathetic understanding of experience, can reach them. In this methodological uncertainty, one might suppose that there were any number of possible systems of theoretical physics all equally well justified; and this opinion is no doubt correct, theoretically. But the development of physics has shown that at any given moment, out of all conceivable constructions, a single one has always proved itself decidedly superior to all the rest.
Religion and Science (1930)
New York Times Magazine (November 9, 1930)
Everything that the human race has done and thought is concerned with the satisfaction of deeply felt needs and the assuagement of pain. One has to keep this constantly in mind if one wishes to understand spiritual movements and their development. Feeling and longing are the motive force behind all human endeavor and human creation, in however exalted a guise the latter may present themselves to us.
The desire for guidance, love, and support prompts men to form the social or moral conception of God. This is the God of Providence, who protects, disposes, rewards, and punishes; the God who, according to the limits of the believer's outlook, loves and cherishes the life of the tribe or of the human race, or even or life itself; the comforter in sorrow and unsatisfied longing; he who preserves the souls of the dead. This is the social or moral conception of God.
The Jewish scriptures admirably illustrate the development from the religion of fear to moral religion, a development continued in the New Testament. The religions of all civilized peoples, especially the peoples of the Orient, are primarily moral religions. The development from a religion of fear to moral religion is a great step in peoples' lives. And yet, that primitive religions are based entirely on fear and the religions of civilized peoples purely on morality is a prejudice against which we must be on our guard. The truth is that all religions are a varying blend of both types, with this differentiation: that on the higher levels of social life the religion of morality predominates.
Variant translation: It is easy to follow in the sacred writings of the Jewish people the development of the religion of fear into the moral religion, which is carried further in the New Testament. The religions of all civilized peoples, especially those of the Orient, are principally moral religions. An important advance in the life of a people is the transformation of the religion of fear into the moral religion.
Common to all these types is the anthropomorphic character of their conception of God. In general, only individuals of exceptional endowments, and exceptionally high-minded communities, rise to any considerable extent above this level. But there is a third stage of religious experience which belongs to all of them, even though it is rarely found in a pure form: I shall call it cosmic religious feeling. It is very difficult to elucidate this feeling to anyone who is entirely without it, especially as there is no anthropomorphic conception of God corresponding to it.
The individual feels the futility of human desires and aims and the sublimity and marvelous order which reveal themselves both in nature and in the world of thought. Individual existence impresses him as a sort of prison and he wants to experience the universe as a single significant whole. The beginnings of cosmic religious feeling already appear at an early stage of development, e.g., in many of the Psalms of David and in some of the Prophets. Buddhism, as we have learned especially from the wonderful writings of Schopenhauer, contains a much stronger element of this. The religious geniuses of all ages have been distinguished by this kind of religious feeling, which knows no dogma and no God conceived in man's image; so that there can be no church whose central teachings are based on it. Hence it is precisely among the heretics of every age that we find men who were filled with this highest kind of religious feeling and were in many cases regarded by their contemporaries as atheists, sometimes also as saints. Looked at in this light, men like Democritus, Francis of Assisi, and Spinoza are closely akin to one another.
How can cosmic religious feeling be communicated from one person to another, if it can give rise to no definite notion of a God and no theology? In my view, it is the most important function of art and science to awaken this feeling and keep it alive in those who are receptive to it.
The man who is thoroughly convinced of the universal operation of the law of causation cannot for a moment entertain the idea of a being who interferes in the course of events — provided, of course, that he takes the hypothesis of causality really seriously. He has no use for the religion of fear and equally little for social or moral religion. A God who rewards and punishes is inconceivable to him for the simple reason that a man's actions are determined by necessity, external and internal, so that in God's eyes he cannot be responsible, any more than an inanimate object is responsible for the motions it undergoes. Science has therefore been charged with undermining morality, but the charge is unjust. A man's ethical behavior should be based effectually on sympathy, education, and social ties and needs; no religious basis is necessary. Man would indeed be in a poor way if he had to be restrained by fear of punishment and hopes of reward after death.
Variant: "It seems to me that the idea of a personal God is an anthropological concept which I cannot take seriously. I also cannot imagine some will or goal outside the human sphere" has been cited as a statement that precedes the last three sentences here, but this might have originated in a paraphrase, a transcription error, or a misquotation; it does not appear in any editions of the essay which have thus far been checked.
It is therefore easy to see why the churches have always fought science and persecuted its devotees. On the other hand, I maintain that the cosmic religious feeling is the strongest and noblest motive for scientific research. Only those who realize the immense efforts and, above all, the devotion without which pioneer work in theoretical science cannot be achieved are able to grasp the strength of the emotion out of which alone such work, remote as it is from the immediate realities of life, can issue. What a deep conviction of the rationality of the universe and what a yearning to understand, were it but a feeble reflection of the mind revealed in this world, Kepler and Newton must have had to enable them to spend years of solitary labor in disentangling the principles of celestial mechanics! Those whose acquaintance with scientific research is derived chiefly from its practical results easily develop a completely false notion of the mentality of the men who, surrounded by a skeptical world, have shown the way to kindred spirits scattered wide through the world and through the centuries. Only one who has devoted his life to similar ends can have a vivid realization of what has inspired these men and given them the strength to remain true to their purpose in spite of countless failures. It is cosmic religious feeling that gives a man such strength. A contemporary has said, not unjustly, that in this materialistic age of ours the serious scientific workers are the only profoundly religious people.
