生死定时的生物基础是什么？
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生死定时的生物基础是什么？
Thought about this, but didn't know how to approach, I admitted this's a brilliant angle to approach this question:
"how aging affects the biological clock’s control of metabolism have discovered that a low-calorie diet helps keep these energy-regulating processes humming and the body younger."
“The low-calorie diet greatly contributes to preventing the effects of physiological aging,” said Salvador Aznar Benitah, who co-led the Spanish study. “Keeping the rhythm of stem cells ‘young’ is important because in the end these cells serve to renew and preserve very pronounced day-night cycles in tissue. Eating less appears to prevent tissue aging and, therefore, prevent stem cells from reprogramming their circadian activities.”
My mentor used to say, don't do exercise as you waste the energy of heart beats - your heart is designed to beating so many times in life. I didn't know if any science research behind that number of heart beating.
Another topic excites me: What's the biological basis of human soul?
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Google translation of above:
想到这一点，但不知道怎么去，我承认这是一个辉煌的角度来解决这个问题：
“老化如何影响生物钟对新陈代谢的控制已经发现，低热量饮食有助于保持这些能量调节过程的嗡嗡声和身体更年轻。
西班牙研究组织的萨尔瓦多·阿斯纳尔·贝尼塔（Salvador Aznar Benitah）说：“低热量饮食大大有助于预防生理衰老的影响。 “保持干细胞的节奏”年轻“是重要的，因为这些细胞最终可以更新和保存组织中非常明显的昼夜循环。 减少饮食似乎预防组织老化，因此防止干细胞重新编程其昼夜节律活动。“
我的导师曾经说过，不要做运动，因为你浪费了心跳的能量 - 你的心被设计为在生命中跳动了很多次。 我不知道是否有任何科学研究背后的这个数量的心跳。
另一个话题激发了我：人类灵魂的生物基础是什么？
灵魂在空中游荡,有缘人会感应而动。像磁场一样, 有些动物会感应?
the 2014 Nobel Prize in Medicine (Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser, John O'Keefe) was awarded for the discovery that neurons in the brain are firing in response to the positioning of the body in a known space, which is referred to as the biological positioning system.
John O'Keefe is alumnus at CCNY, in which I went schooling. He's humble in his speech - quite melow kind of guy - I's blessed to hear quite a few speeches by Nobel laureates, whose inspirational and sustained impacts to me to keep going in research.
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/07/science/nobel-prize-medicine.html
Nobel Prize in Medicine Is Awarded to Three Who Discovered Brain’s ‘Inner GPS’
May-Britt Moser, a Nobel Prize laureate, spoke after Goran Hansson, the secretary of the Karolinska Institute’s Nobel Committee, announced the 2014 Nobel Prize recipients for physiology or medicine.
Publish Date October 6, 2014. Photo by Bertil Ericson/TT NEWS AGENCY, via Associated Press. Watch in Times Video »A British-American scientist and a pair of Norwegian researchers were awarded this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Monday for discovering “an inner GPS in the brain” that enables virtually all creatures to navigate their surroundings.
John O’Keefe, 75, a British-American scientist, will share the prize of $1.1 million with May-Britt Moser, 51, and Edvard I. Moser, 52, only the second married couple to win a Nobel in medicine, who will receive the other half.
The three scientists’ discoveries “have solved a problem that has occupied philosophers and scientists for centuries — how does the brain create a map of the space surrounding us and how can we navigate our way through a complex environment?” said the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, which chooses the laureates.
The positioning system they discovered helps us know where we are, find our way from place to place and store the information for the next time, said Goran K. Hansson, secretary of the Karolinska’s Nobel Committee.
Mental MapsThe 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to researchers who discovered how specific brain cells help rats and other mammals build spatial maps of their environment.
A RANDOM WALK
At left, gray lines show the path followed by a rat as it moves around a box looking for pieces of food.
Rat’s path
inside a box
IMPOSING A PATTERN
Nerve cells called grid cells fire when the rat moves through certain locations. The firing pattern of a single grid cell is marked here with red dots. Groups of dots form a hexagonal grid, and the firing pattern persists even in darkness, when the rat cannot see where it is.
Places where grid
cell fires
Bright areas
have a high
rate of fire
GRID CELLS
The grid cells seem to form an internal map of the local environment, and help the rat track where it is in space. Grid cells are thought to be involved with navigation, dead reckoning and the formation of mental maps.
Active regions
of grid cell
The researchers documented that certain cells are responsible for the higher cognitive function that steers the navigational system.
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Dr. O’Keefe began using neurophysiological methods in the late 1960s to study how the brain controls behavior and sense of direction. In 1971, he discovered the first component of the inner navigational system in rats. He identified nerve cells in the hippocampus region of the brain that were always activated when a rat was at a certain location.
He called them “place cells” and showed that the cells registered not only what they saw, but also what they did not see, by building inner maps in different environments.
Dr. O’Keefe was born in New York City to immigrant Irish parents and graduated from the City College of New York. In 1967, he earned a Ph.D. in physiological psychology at McGill University in Montreal, and then moved for postdoctoral training to University College London, where he is now a professor of cognitive neuroscience.
Photo
He told reporters that he was surprised to win a Nobel, Reuters reported, particularly after a “checkered” youth in which he studied the classics in school and aeronautics in college before venturing into philosophy and psychology.
Dr. Eric R. Kandel of Columbia University, who won a Nobel Prize for his research on the brain, said in an interview that before Dr. O’Keefe’s research, comparatively little was known about the hippocampus. “We knew it had something to do with memory,” he said, but not which hippocampal cells controlled which functions.
Dr. Kandel said he spoke with the Nobel Committee in support of Dr. O’Keefe’s nomination.
In 2005, the Mosers discovered a second crucial component of the brain’s positioning system by identifying other nerve cells that permit coordination and positioning, and calling them grid cells. While mapping connections to the hippocampus in rats moving about a room in a laboratory, “they discovered an astonishing pattern of activity in a nearby part of the brain called the entorhinal cortex,” the Nobel committee said.
When the rat passed multiple locations, the cells formed a hexagonal grid. Each cell activated in unique spatial patterns. Their research showed “how both ‘place’ and ‘grid’ cells make it possible to determine position and to navigate,” the committee said.
Photo
The Mosers were born to nonacademic families in rural Norway. Although they went to the same high school, they did not know each other well until they were undergraduates at the University of Oslo. They married while still in college and are now professors at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. They have two daughters.
At one point they studied under Dr. O’Keefe as visiting scientists at University College London.
The three also won Columbia University’s Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize last year for their discoveries. Of the 92 Horwitz laureates, 46 have gone on to win Nobels. Only a handful of married couples have shared a Nobel Prize, and fewer than a dozen women have been named laureates in medicine since that award was instituted in 1901.
The Mosers said an important advantage of working as a husband-wife team was the ability to converse with each other quickly when they had ideas instead of having to wait for meetings.
Evidence that place and grid cells exist in humans comes from recent studies using brain imaging techniques and from patients who have undergone neurosurgery.
Photo
The laureates’ findings may eventually lead to a better understanding of the spatial losses that occur in Alzheimer’s and other neurological diseases. The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are often damaged in early stages of Alzheimer’s, with affected individuals losing their way and failing to recognize the environment.
“The cells we have found in the brain are in exactly the same area that is usually first affected by Alzheimer’s disease,” Edvard Moser said. Unraveling the mystery of why such damage occurs might someday lead to prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s, but that research is for other scientists to carry out, he added.
The findings also open new avenues for understanding cognitive processes like memory, thinking and planning, the Nobel committee said.
May-Britt Moser said the couple was elated. “This is such a great honor for all of us and all the people who have worked with us and supported us,” she told The Associated Press. “We are going to continue and hopefully do even more groundbreaking work in the future.”
Her husband was flying when the prize was announced, she said, and he later told the Norwegian news agency NTB that he learned about it when he landed and turned on his cellphone, to a barrage of messages and calls. “I didn’t know anything,” the A.P. quoted him as saying. “When I got off the plane there was a representative there with a bouquet of flowers who said, ‘Congratulations on the prize.’ ”
The laureates traditionally receive their awards at a banquet in Stockholm on Dec. 10, the date on which Alfred Nobel, the prize’s creator and the inventor of dynamite, died in 1896.
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https://www.newswise.com/articles/link-between-biological-clock-and-aging-revealed
Link Between Biological Clock and Aging RevealedUCI-led study shows low-calorie diet may help keep body youngArticle ID: 679232
Released: 8-Aug-2017 1:30 PM EDT
Source Newsroom: University of California, Irvine
Available for logged-in reporters only
Cell Aug. 10
Newswise — Irvine, Calif. — Scientists studying how aging affects the biological clock’s control of metabolism have discovered that a low-calorie diet helps keep these energy-regulating processes humming and the body younger.
In a study appearing Aug. 10 in the journal Cell, Paolo Sassone-Corsi, director of the Center for Epigenetics & Metabolism at the University of California, Irvine, and colleagues reveal how circadian rhythms – or the body’s biological clock – change as a result of physiological aging. The clock-controlled circuit that directly connects to the process of aging is based on efficient metabolism of energy within cells.
The Sassone-Corsi team tested the same group of mice at 6 months and 18 months, drawing tissue samples from the liver, the organ which operates as the interface between nutrition and energy distribution in the body. Energy is metabolized within cells under precise circadian controls.
The researchers found that the 24-hour cycle in the circadian-controlled metabolic system of older mice remained the same, but there were notable changes in the circadian mechanism that turns genes on and off based upon the cells’ energy usage. Simply put, the older cells processed energy inefficiently.
“This mechanism works great in a young animal, but it basically shuts off in an old mouse,” Sassone-Corsi said.
However, in a second group of aged mice that were fed a diet with 30 percent fewer calories for six months, energy processing within cells was more than unchanged.
“In fact, caloric restriction works by rejuvenating the biological clock in a most powerful way,” Sassone-Corsi said. “In this context, a good clock meant good aging.”
Collaborative confirmation
For a companion study detailed in Cell’s current issue, a research team from the Barcelona Institute for Research in Biomedicine collaborated with the Sassone-Corsi team to test body clock functioning in stem cells from the skin of young and older mice. They too found that a low-calorie diet conserved most of the rhythmic functions of youth.
“The low-calorie diet greatly contributes to preventing the effects of physiological aging,” said Salvador Aznar Benitah, who co-led the Spanish study. “Keeping the rhythm of stem cells ‘young’ is important because in the end these cells serve to renew and preserve very pronounced day-night cycles in tissue. Eating less appears to prevent tissue aging and, therefore, prevent stem cells from reprogramming their circadian activities.”
According to the UCI and Barcelona researchers, these studies can help explain why a calorie-restricted diet slows down aging in mice. The implications for human aging could be far-reaching.
The scientists said that it’s important to further examine why metabolism has such a dominant effect on the stem cell aging process and, once the link that promotes or delays aging has been identified, to develop treatments that can regulate this link.
It’s been shown in previous fruit fly studies that low-calorie diets can extend longevity, but the UCI and Barcelona research is the first to show that calorie restriction influences the body’s circadian rhythms’ involvement with the aging process in cells.
“These studies also present something like a molecular holy grail, revealing the cellular pathway through which aging is controlled,” Sassone-Corsi said. “The findings provide a clear introduction on how to go about controlling these elements of aging in a pharmacological perspective.”
The circadian connection
Sassone-Corsi and his colleagues first showed the circadian rhythm-metabolism link some 10 years ago, identifying the metabolic pathways through which a circadian enzyme protein called SIRT1 works. SIRT1 senses energy levels in cells; its activity is modulated by
how many nutrients a cell is consuming. In addition, it helps cells resist oxidative and radiation-induced stress. SIRT1 has also been tied to the inflammatory response, diabetes and aging.
Sassone-Corsi, the Donald Bren Professor of Biological Chemistry at UCI, is one of the world’s leading researchers on circadian rhythms, epigenetics and metabolism. Shogo Sato, Leonardo Bee and Selma Masri of UCI; Guiomar Solanas, Francisca Oliveira Peixoto and Aikaterini Symeonidi with the Barcelona Institute for Research in Biomedicine; and Mark Schmidt and Charles Brenner of the University of Iowa also contributed to the study, which received support from the National Institutes of Health and the French National Institute of Health & Medical Research, or INSERM.
About the University of California, Irvine: Founded in 1965, UCI is the youngest member of the prestigious Association of American Universities. The campus has produced three Nobel laureates and is known for its academic achievement, premier research, innovation and anteater mascot. Led by Chancellor Howard Gillman, UCI has more than 30,000 students and offers 192 degree programs. It’s located in one of the world’s safest and most economically vibrant communities and is Orange County’s second-largest employer, contributing $5 billion annually to the local economy. For more on UCI, visit www.uci.edu.
Media access: Radio programs/stations may, for a fee, use an on-campus ISDN line to interview UCI faculty and experts, subject to availability and university approval. For more UCI news, visit news.uci.edu. Additional resources for journalists may be found at communications.uci.edu/for-journalists.
https://www.newswise.com/articles/link-between-biological-clock-and-aging-revealed
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-847277-1070544.html
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