Confucius said: “Learn something and then review and practice it frequently. Isn’t it a pleasure? Have friends coming from afar. Isn’t it a joy? Not being well understood, but I neither complain nor get angry. Isn’t it a gentleman bearing?”
You Tzu said: “There are seldom persons who show filial devotion to their parents and obedience to their brothers but offend their superiors at once. And there are absolute no persons who are not insubordinate to their superiors but like to rebel against their superiors. Gentlemen give all their minds to fundamental affairs. So long as a solid foundation is laid, the principles will come into being which help one administer a country and conduct himself. Showing filial devotion to parents and obedience to brothers is the foundation for a person to conduct himself.”
Zeng Tzu said: “Everyday I examine myself many times. Do I do my best when doing things for others? Am I honest and reliable when associating with friends? Whether do I review and practise what my teachers teach me?
Confucius said: “When administering a country in possession of a thousand military chariots, you should strictly and cautiously handle the major national affairs, keep your promises, cut down expenses and highly value talented people, and remind farmers not to miss the farming season.”
Confucius said: “Together with your parents, you should show filial devotion and obedience to them; while out of home, you should obey your teachers. Words and deeds should be cautious. Keep honest and reliable and taciturn. Show universal love to the broad masses and be close to the noble-minded persons. If still having some leeway after earnestly practising what you advocate like this, you should study historical documents and try to learn some knowledge.”
Tzu Xia said: “If a person pays much attention to his morality but not to feminine charms, does his best to show filial devotion and obedience to his parents, serves his lord sparing no sacrifice, keeps honest and reliable when associating with friends, I should definitely say that he has once studied the historical documents even if he himself says he has never touched them.
Confucius said: “As far as a gentleman is concerned, he cannot become a man of high prestige if he does not behave solemnly. Study can help one avoid being ill-imformed. Do everything according to principle of keeping honest and reliable. Do not make friends with anyone who does not cherish the same ideals and take the same course as you do. So long as there is a mistake, you should not be afraid of correcting it.”
Zeng Ztu said: “Be cautious to deal with the death of your parents and remember to mourn for your age-old ancestors frequently. If so, you can certainly make people behave honestly.”
Tzu Qin asked Tzu Gong: “Whenever our teacher visits a country, he always asks something about its government affairs. Is this sort of privilege asked for by himself or is it given to him by the lord of the country?” Ztu Gong said: “Our teacher is gentle, kind, respectful, simple, frugal and modest, so he can get this sort of privilege. Yet, his way to get this privilege is maybe different from that of others, isn’t it?”
Confucius said: “You should observe his ambition when a person’s father is still alive; if his father passes away, you should observe his action. If he can keep the reasonable thought of his father unchanged his father’s reasonable thought unchanged for three years, he can be considered filial.”
You Tzu said: “When putting standards of morality into practice, the important thing is harmony. As for ways of country-governing of the ancient lords, anything praiseworthy lies just in here. Yet, if you handle everything, big or small, only according to the principle of harmony, sometimes you just cannot win. The reason is that it is unworkable to do everything only for harmony but not to standardize harmony with proprieties.”
You Tzu said: “You should keep honesty in line with righteousness. It is only by doing so that you can put your words into practice. Respectfulness must agree with standards of morality. Only this can help you avoid shame. Make sure that all people whom you rely on are reliable. This point is well worth learning.”
Confucius said: “Gentlemen seek neither sufficient food nor comfortable living conditions, but they handle everything as nimble as a squirrel does and speak cautiously and go to noble-minded people so as to perfect themselves day by day. If they can do like this, then they can be thought perfect in learning.”
Tzu Gong said: “Poor but not fawning , rich but not arrogant. What do you think of it?” Confucius said: “Not so bad. But still, it is somewhat far from the norms that a man is poor but ready to follow right doctrines, rich but ready to follow standards of morality.” Tzu Gong said: “《The Book of Songs》said: ‘to treat it like carving and polishing bones, horns, ivory and jade.’ Does it mean this?” Confucius said: “Now I can discuss 《The Book of Songs》with you because from what I said you can comprehend the past and foretell the future.”
【原文】
1·16 子曰:“不患(1)人(2)之不已知,患不知人也。”
【注释】
(1)患:忧虑,担心,怕。
【白话】
孔子说:“不怕别人不了解自己,只怕自己不了解别人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Don’t be afraid that others don’t understand you. You should be afraid that you don’t understand others.”
为政篇第二
【原文】
2·1 子曰:“为政以德(1),譬如北辰(2),居其所(3)而众星共(4)之。”
【注释】
(1)为政以德:以,用。以道德统治,即“德治”。
(2)北辰:北极星。
(3)所:处所,位置,方位。
(4)共:同拱,环绕。
【白话】
孔子说:“以道德教化治理政务,就会像北极星那样,居于一定方位,并有群星环绕在周围。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If governing a country by education in morality, a lord will be like the Big Dipper which is located in a certain orientation with all stars around it.”
【原文】
2·2 子曰:“诗三百(1),一言以蔽(2)之,曰:“思无邪(3)。”
【注释】
(1)诗三百:诗,指《诗经》,此书实有305首,三百只是取其整数。
(2)蔽:概括。
(3)思无邪:语出《诗经·鲁颂》。“思”,思想。无邪,纯正,不是邪门歪道。
【白话】
孔子说:“《诗经》三百首,用一句话来概括它,就是‘思想纯正’。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Having 300 poems, 《Poems》could be generalized into one sentence: the thought is pure.”
Confucius said: “If a lord guides his people with orders and restrains them with penal law, the people will only try to avoid punishment which is caused owing to crimes but will lose sense of shame. Yet, if a lord guides his people by education in morality and uses proprieties to make his people’s words and deeds kept in line, then the people will not only have a sense of shame but also try to abide by rules.”
Confucius said: “I was determined to study at the age of fifteen, scored some achievements at thirty, no longer felt puzzled at forty, was enlightened at fifty, could distinguish between truth and falsehood at sixty, could do as I liked without overstepping usual practice at seventy.”
Meng Yitzu asking questions about filial devotion, Confucius said: “Filial devotion means not going against standards of morality.” Later on, Fan Chi drove carriage for Confucius, Confucius told him: “Meng Sun asked me what filial devotion is. I told him that filial devotion means not going against standards of morality.” Fan Chi said: “What do you mean by saying not going against standards of morality?” Confucius said: “When parents are alive, you should serve them according to standards of morality; when they pass away, you should bury them and offer sacrifices to them according to standards of morality.”
【原文】
2·6 孟武伯(1)问孝,子曰:“父母唯其疾之忧(2)。”
【注释】
(1)孟武伯:孟懿子的儿子,名彘。武是他的谥号。
(2)父母唯其疾之忧:其,代词,指父母。疾,病。
【白话】
孟武伯向孔子请教孝道。孔子说:“对父母,要特别为他们的疾病担忧。”
【英译】
Meng Wubo asking questions about filial devotion, Confucius said: “The key point is that you should especially be concerned about your parents’ illness.”
Tzu You asking questions about filial devotion, Confucius said: “The so called filial devotion nowadays only means to provide for parents. But even dogs and horses can be provided for. So, if we don’t emphasize the necessity of respecting parents, then what’s the difference between providing for parents and raising dogs and horses?”
Tzu Xia asking questions about filial devotion, Confucius said: “The most difficult thing is to treat parents with amiable looks. If having something to do, you can do it for them; if having food and wine, you let them enjoy. Could it be said that it is considered filial devotion to parents?”
Confucius said: “When I taught Yan Hui, he never had any objections all day long just like a foolish man. But after he left, I examined his private words and found he had developed what I’d taught him. Therefore, he is not foolish at all.
Confucius said: “If you want to know a person, you should analyze the motives of his words and deeds, observe the way he takes and examine what he is up to with ease of mind. If so, how can a person cover up himself? How can a person cover up himself?”
【原文】
2·11 子曰:“温故而知新(1),可以为师矣。”
【注释】
(1)温故而知新:故,已经过去的。新,刚刚学到的知识。
【白话】
孔子说:“在温习旧知识时,能有新体会,你就可以当老师了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Restudy the old to obtain better insight. Then you can be a teacher.”
【原文】
2·12 子曰:“君子不器(1)。”
【注释】
(1)器:器具。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子不像器具那样,只有某方面的用途。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are not like tools each of which only has a certain use.”
【原文】
2·13 子贡问君子。子曰:“先行其言而后从之。”
【白话】
子贡问关于君子的事。孔子说:“你如果有话要说,那就先做后说。”
【英译】
Tzu Gong asked some questions about gentlemen. Confucius said: “If you have something to say, you should put them into practice first and then say it.”
【原文】
2·14 子曰:“君子周(1)而不比(2),小人比而不周。”
【注释】
(1)周:合群。
(2)比:读“必”,勾结。
(3)小人:没有道德修养的庸俗之辈。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子团结民众而不结党营私,小人结党营私而不团结民众。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen unite the broad masses but don’t gang up for selfish purpose. While shameless men gang up for selfish purpose but don’t unite the broad masses.”
Confucius said: “Only study but not think, you’ll be perplexed without any gains; only indulge in idle dreams but not study, you’ll suffer from misgivings and hesitate all the time.”
【原文】
2·16 子曰:“攻(1)乎异端(2),斯(3)害也已(4)。”
【注释】
(1)攻:攻击、批驳。
(2)异端:不合乎正统的邪说。
(3)斯:代词,这。
(4)也已:语气词,含有“完了”的意思。
【白话】
孔子说:“批驳邪说,祸害也就被消除了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Refute heresy, misfortune will be eliminated.”
【原文】
2·17 子曰:“由(1),诲女(2),知之乎?知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。”
【注释】
(1)由:姓仲名由,字子路。生于公元前542年,孔子的学生,长期追随孔子。
(2)女:同汝,你。
【白话】
孔子说:“由,我教给你的东西,明白了吗?知道就是知道,不知道就是不知道,这就是智慧啊!”
【英译】
Confucius said: “You, do you understand what I taught you? If you do, say yes, otherwise, just say no. This is wisdom.”
Tzu Zhang wanted to learn the way of seeking official posts. Confucius said: “Listen more and put aside what you doubt about. As for the rest which you are sure of, you should say them out cautiously. Doing so, you can make fewer mistakes. Observe more and put aside what you doubt about. As for the rest which you are sure of, you should do them cautiously. Doing so, you can reduce the possibility of feeling regret. When speaking, you make fewer mistakes; when doing, you seldom feel regret. Then the official posts are lying in here.”
The Lord Ai asked: “How to make people heartily convinced?” Confucius said: “Promote honest people and give shameless ones a cold shoulder. This can make people heartily convinced. If you do exactly the opposite, the people won’t be heartily convinced.”
Ji Kangtzu asked: “How to make people respect me with loyalty and work diligently?” Confucius said: “You treat people in a solemn manner, they will respect you with loyalty; you show filial devotion to your parents and kindness to others, people will be loyal to you; you choose and use kind persons, educate less capable ones, people will work diligently.”
Someone said to Confucius: “Why aren’t you engaged in politics?” Confucius replied: “《Shang Shu》said, ‘Being filial means to show filial devotion to parents, while being friendly means to show friendship to brothers.’ Putting the principle of filialness and friendship into political affairs is to be engaged in politics. Why can’t this action be considered to be engaged in politics?”
【原文】
2·22 子曰:“人而无信,不知其可也。大车无輗(1),小车无軏(2),其何以行之哉?”
【注释】
(1)輗:读“尼”,古代大车车辕前面横木上的木销子。大车指的是牛车。
(2)軏:读“月”,古代小车车辕前面横木上的木销子。没有輗和軏,车就不能走。
【白话】
孔子说:“一个人不讲信用,是根本不可以的。就好像大车没有輗、小车没有軏一样,它靠什么行走呢?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Breaking one’s own word is absolutely what one cannot do. How can ox carts move without big or small wooden latches? ”
Tzu Zhang asked Confucius: “Can we anticipate the rite systems of the next ten dynasties?” Confucius replied: “Shang Dynasty inherited the rite systems of Xia Dynasty, and additions and deletions could be anticipated; Zhou Dynasty inherited the rite systems of Shang Dynasty, additions and deletions could also be anticipated. There must have some dynasties in the future which inherit Zhou Dynasty and their conditions can certainly be anticipated even after a hundred dynasties.”
【原文】
2·24 子曰:“非其鬼(1)而祭之;谄(2)也。见义(3)不为,无勇也。”
【注释】
(1)鬼:有两种解释:一是指鬼神,二是指死去的祖先。这里泛指鬼神。
(2)谄:谄媚、阿谀。
(3)义:指该做的事。
【白话】
孔子说:“不是你该祭祀的鬼神,你却去祭祀,这是谄媚。见到该做的事却不做,是怯懦。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If you offer sacrifices to the ghosts and spirits you should not do, then you will be considered to toady them. If you just stand by with folded arms when you see something you should step forward boldly to do, then you will be thought chicken-hearted.”
After offering sacrifices to their ancestors, the three families should ask musicians to sing 《Yong》. Confucius said: “ ‘The emperor solemnly officiates at sacrificial rites, while the lords should be assistants.’ How can 《Yong》be sung in these three families’ temples?”
【原文】
3·3 子曰:“人而不仁,如礼何?人而不仁,如乐何?”
【白话】
孔子说:“一个人缺乏仁德,他怎么能实行礼呢?一个人缺乏仁德,他怎么能运用乐呢?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If a person lacks humanity and virtue, how can he correctly put proprieties into practice? If a person lacks humanity and virtue, how can he correctly use music?”
Lin Fang asked questions about the basic things of proprieties. Confucius said: “The questions you put forward are most important! As far as proprieties are concerned, generally speaking, they should be thrifty rather than extravagant. As for funeral affairs, you should emphasize true inner sorrow rather than comprehensive rites.”
【原文】
3·5 子曰:“夷狄(1)之有君,不如诸夏(2)之亡(3)也。”
【注释】
(1)夷狄:古代中原地区的人对周边地区,即外国的贬称,谓之不开化,缺乏教养,不知书达礼。
(2)诸夏:古代中原地区华夏族的自称。
(3)亡:同无。古书中的“无”字多写作“亡”。
【白话】
孔子说:“落后的夷狄虽然有君主,还不如中原诸国没有君主呢。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “The backward foreign countries also have their own lords, but they are not so good as the countries in central China who, even if, have no lords.”
Ji Sun went to offer sacrifices to Mt. Tai . Confucius said to Ran You: “Can’t you dissuade him?” Replied: “No, I can’t.” Confucius said: “Alas! Could it be said that Mt. Tai is inferior to Lin Fang?”
Confucius said: “Gentlemen have nothing to compete with others. If they have, they must be archery competitions. During an archery competition, each side makes a bow first to the other side with hands folded in front and then steps forward. After competition, each side makes a bow again to the other side with hands folded and then walks out and finally sits in the hall drinking wine. This is the competition between gentlemen.”
Tzu Xia asked Confucius: “ ‘What a nice smiling face! What a pair of beautiful bright eyes! Dress up with plain face powder’. What do these sentences mean? ” Confucius said: “Make a white background and then paint.” Tzu Xia said: “Does it mean that proprieties also something coming late?” Confucius said: “Shang, you’re really skillful to enlighten me. Now I can start talking about The Book of Songs with you.”
Confucius said: “I can say something about the proprieties of Xia Dynasty, but its continuator Ji is not enough for me to prove it. I can say something about the proprieties of Yin Dynasty, but its continuator Song is not enough for me to prove it. It’s because that there are not enough materials. Otherwise, I can prove them.”
【原文】
3·10 子曰:“禘(1)自既灌(2)而往者,吾不欲观之矣。”
【注释】
(1)禘:读“地”,古代隆重的祭祀典礼,只有天子才可以举行。
(2)灌:禘礼中第一次献酒。
【白话】
孔子说:“对于行禘礼的仪式,从第一次献酒以后,我就不愿意看了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “As for the grand Di ceremonies held by the lords to offer sacrifices to ancestors, I have already been unwilling to watch them ever since the first time to offer wine.”
Someone asked Confucius about the rules to hold Di ceremonies. Confucius said: “I don’t know. As far as the persons are concerned who know these rules, they are probably just like me to put it here.” While saying, he pointed his palm.
【原文】
3·12 祭如在,祭神如神在。子曰:“吾不与祭,如不祭。”
【白话】
祭祀祖先就像祖先真在面前,祭神就像神真在面前。孔子说:“我如果不参加祭祀,那就如同没有祭祀一样。”
【英译】
Offer sacrifices to ancestors as if the ancestors are really right here; offer sacrifices to gods as if the gods are really right here. Confucius said: “If I don’t participate in the ceremonies personally, then it’s just like that the ceremonies are not held.”
Wang Sungu asked: “People say that fawning on room god is not so good as fawning on kitchen god. What does it mean?” Confucius said: “No, this saying doesn’t make sense. If you offend the heaven, it’s no use no matter how to prayer.”
【原文】
3·14 子曰:“周监(1)于二代(2),郁郁(3)乎文哉,吾从周。”
【注释】
(1)监:读“见”,同鉴,借鉴。
(2)二代:这里指夏代和周代。
(3)郁郁:文采盛貌。丰富、浓郁之意。
【白话】
孔子说:“周朝的礼仪制度借鉴于夏、商二代,是多么丰富多彩啊。我遵从周朝的制度。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “The rite system of Zhou was made by drawing lessons from the two dynasties of Xia and Shang. How rich it is! I’d like to follow Zhou’s system.”
Whenever entering the temple of the lord’s ancestors, Confucius would ask questions about everything. Someone said: “Who says that this person knows proprieties? Whenever he enters the temple of the lord’s ancestors, he asks everything.” Learning this, Confucius said: “This is in itself a sort of propriety.”
【原文】
3·16 子曰:“射不主皮(1),为力不同科(2),古之道也。”
【注释】
(1)皮:皮,用动物皮做成的箭靶子。
(2)科:等级。
【白话】
孔子说:“比赛射箭,不在于穿透靶子,因为各人的力气大小不同。自古以来就是这样。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “When shooting an arrow, the key point doesn’t lie in shooting through the target because people are different in physical strength. It’s always been like this since ancient times.”
Tzu Gong suggested that alive sheep not be used when holding the ceremony of offering sacrifices in the temple of the lord’s ancestors on the first day of each month. Confucius said: “Ci ( i.e.Tzu Gong), you l care for the sheep, but I treasure the proprieties.”
【原文】
3·18 子曰:“事君尽礼,人以为谄也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“我完全按周礼事奉君主,别人却以为这是诌媚呢。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I serve the lord completely according to the proprieties of Zhou Dynasty, but people think I toady the lord.”
Ding Gong (i.e. the lord of the country Lu) asked: “How does a lord order his courtiers and how do the courtiers serve their lord?” Confucius said: “A lord orders his courtiers according to the proprieties while the courtiers serve their lord loyally and devotedly.”
Ai Gong asked Zai Wo something about offering sacrifices to village god. Zai Wo said: “Xia Dynasty used pine trees; Shang Dynasty used cypress trees; and Zhou Dynasty used chestnut trees. By using chestnut trees, it means to make people trembling.” On hearing this, Confucius said: “We’d better not to mention what has already been done, not to criticize what has already been finished, not to go into past misdeeds.”
Confucius said: “What a narrow-minded person Guan Zhong is!” Someone asked: “Is he thrifty?” Confucius said: “Guan Zhong has three places to hide his money. Even his butlers undertake specific responsibility. How can it be considered thrift?” The person asked again: “Does Guan Zhong know rules of proprieties?” Confucius said: “The lord has a screen wall at the gate. So does he. The lord has a special earth terrace on which to put empty wine-cups. So does he. If Guan Zhong knows the rules of proprieties, who doesn’t know?”
Confucius talked the principles of music playing to the musicians of the country Lu: “The principles of music playing are understandable: at the beginning, you do an instrumental ensemble and the sound is nice; then you expand your playing, the sound is melodious, the scales are distinct. Do this ceaselessly, and at last, your playing comes to an end.”
A local official in Yi asked to see Confucius saying: “Whenever a gentleman comes here, I’ve never failed to see him.” A student of Confucius’ led him to see the master. When coming out, he said: “No reasons for you to worry about having no opportunities to be officials. Heaven looks upon Confucius as a sage and let him to lead the people.”
When talking the dance named《Shao》, Confucius said: “Its artistic form is extremely beautiful and its contents are also excellent.” While talking the dance named 《Wu》, he said: “Its artistic form is very beautiful, but its content are not so good.”
Confucius said: “Some higher officials cannot treat people generously, fail to take part in ceremonies solemnly and show no sorrow when participating in funerals. How can I tolerate this thing?”
里仁篇第四
【原文】
4·1 子曰:“里仁为美(1),择不处仁(2),焉得知(3)?”
【注释】
(1)里仁为美:里,住处,借作动词用。仁,就是仁者,说俗了,也就是好人。
(2)处:居住。
(3)知:读“志”,同智。
【白话】
孔子说:“住在有好人的地方才对。如果你选择不与好人相处,那怎么能说你明智呢?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “One should live in a place where there are not a few noble people. If he chooses not to live with noble people, how can he be considered wise?”
Confucius said: “Persons lack of fine characters can neither rest content with poverty for long nor live easily and comfortably for long. Noble-minded people rest content with humanity, justice and virtue, but wise people put humanity, justice and virtue into practice only when they know these things are good for them.”
【原文】
4·3 子曰:“唯仁者能好(1)人,能恶(2)人。”
【注释】
(1)好:读“浩”,喜爱的意思。作动词。
(2)恶:读“物”,憎恶、讨厌。作动词。
【译文】
孔子说:“只有那些有仁德的人,才能爱人和恨人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Only noble-minded persons can really love people and hate people.”
【原文】
4·4 子曰:“苟志于仁矣,无恶也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“如果立志于仁,就不会做坏事了。”
【英译】
If a person is determined to be a noble-minded, then he can avoid misdemeanors.
Confucius said: “Riches and honors are something everyone wants. But, if they are improperly obtained, then we should not enjoy them. Poorness and humbleness are something everyone detests. But if they are improperly eliminated, then we’d rather not to free ourselves from them. If gentlemen lack humanity and virtue, how can they be considered gentlemen? Gentlemen don’t depart from humanity and virtue just in a short period of time of a dinner. Even at the most critical moment, gentlemen must act according to the principle of humanity and virtue. And even destitute and homeless, they can act according to the principle of humanity and virtue.
Confucius said: “I’ve never seen anyone who upholds humanity and virtue or anyone who detests non-humanity and non-virtue. When acting according to the principle of humanity and virtue, the ones who detest non-humanity and non-virtue can prevent others who lack humanity and virtue from affecting themselves. I’ve never seen anyone who doesn’t have enough strength. This sort of persons may really exist but I’ve never seen one.”
【原文】
4·7 子曰:“人之过也,各于其党。观过,斯知仁矣。”
【白话】
孔子说:“人的错误,各不相同。观察一个人的错误,就可以知道他的精神境界。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Different people have different mistakes. You can know a person’s spiritual realm by observing his mistakes.”
【原文】
4·8 子曰:“朝闻道,夕死可矣。”
【白话】
孔子说:“早晨得知真理,晚上死去也值得。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Learn truth in the morning and die in the evening. It’s something worthy to be done.”
【原文】
4·9 子曰:“士志于道,而耻恶衣恶食者,未足与议也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“立志追求真理,但又以粗衣淡饭为耻,这种人不值得与他交谈。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Determined to seek truth but shamed for leading a thrifty and simple life. This sort of people is not worthy to be talked with.”
【原文】
4·10 子曰:“君子之于天下也,无适(1)也,无莫(2)也,义(3)之与比(4)。”
【注释】
(1)适:读“敌”,意为亲近、厚待。
(2)莫:疏远、冷淡。
(3)义:适宜、妥当。
(4)比:亲近、相近、靠近。
【译文】
孔子说:“君子对于天下事,不刻意强求,不无故反对,一切按道义行事。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen neither crack their brains to seek anything in the world nor oppose anything without reason or cause.”
【原文】
4·11 子曰:“君子怀(1)德,小人怀土(2);君子怀刑(3),小人怀惠。”
【注释】
(1)怀:思念。
(2)土:乡土。
(3)刑:法制惩罚。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子想的是道德,小人想的是家乡;君子想的是法制,小人想的是实惠。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “What a gentleman thinks is morality, but what a vulgarian thinks is his native place; what a gentleman thinks is the legal system, what a vulgarian thinks is the material benefit.”
【原文】
4·12 子曰:“放(1)于利而行,多怨(2)。”
【注释】
(1)放:读“访”,同仿,效法,引申为追求。
(2)怨:别人的怨恨。
【白话】
孔子说:“为追求利益而行动,就会招致更多的怨恨。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Doing everything only for seeking fortune will bring about resentment.”
【原文】
4·13 子曰:“能以礼让为国乎,何有(1)?不能以礼让为国,如礼何(2)?”
【注释】
(1)何有:全意为“何难之有”,即不难的意思。
(2)如礼何:把礼怎么办?
【白话】
孔子说:“能用礼让原则治理国家,还有何难呢?不能用礼让原则治理国家,又如何能实行礼呢?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If you administer a country according to the principle of giving up something for the sake of courtesy, there will be no difficulties. But if you cannot administer a country according to this principle, how can you put the standards of morality into practice?”
Confucius said: “Don’t be afraid that you have no official posts. What you should be afraid of is not having learnt something which can help you keep a foothold.”
Confucius said: “Zengcan, my doctrine is something through which a basic idea runs from beginning to end.” Zengcan said: “Oh, I see.” The master left and his followers asked: “What does it mean?” Zeng Tzu said: “The key point of our master’s doctrine is but forgivingness.”
【原文】
4·16 子曰:“君子喻于义,小人喻于利。”
【白话】
孔子说:“君子着眼于义,小人只盯着利。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen have their eyes on justice, but vugarians only on fortune.”
【原文】
4·17 子曰:“见贤思齐焉,见不贤而内自省也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“见到贤人就想学习看齐,见到不贤的人,就自我反省。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “When you see worthy persons, you should think how to learn from them; when you see vulgarians, you should have self-examination.”
Confucius said: “When you serve your parents, you should tactfully advise them to overcome shortcomings, if any. If they are unwilling to accept your advice, you should still respect them and work for them without any complains.”
【原文】
4·19 子曰:“父母在,不远游(1),游必有方(2)。”
【注释】
(1)游:指游学、游官、经商等外出活动。
(2)方:一定的地方。
【白话】
孔子说:“父母在世,不要出远门;如果万不得已,也要有个准地方。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “When your parents are still alive, don’t leave home. If you are away from home as a last resort, you should have a definite destination.”
Confucius said: “If a person can still keep his father’s good doctrine unchanged for three years after his father’s death, then he can be considered filial.
【原文】
4·21 子曰:“父母之年,不可不知也。一则以喜,一则以惧。”
【白话】
孔子说:“父母的年纪,不能不知道。一方面为他们的长寿而高兴,一方面又为他们的衰老而恐惧。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “You cannot be unaware of your parents’ birth-days. On the one hand, you are happy for their good health; but on the other hand, you are afraid of their decrepitude.
【原文】
4·22 子曰:“古者言之不出,耻躬之不逮也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“古人不轻易把话说出口,他们以做不到为耻。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Ancient people never said a word in a rash way. They took overstatement as a shame.”
【原文】
4·23 子曰:“以约(1)失之者鲜(2)矣。”
【注释】
(1)约:约束。
(2)鲜:少的意思。
【白话】
孔子说:“严格约束自己但却还犯错误的人很少见。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “There are seldom persons who restrain themselves strictly but still commit mistakes.”
【原文】
4·24 子曰:“君子欲讷(1)于言而敏(2)于行。”
【注释】
(1)讷:迟钝。这里指说话要谨慎。
(2)敏:敏捷、快速的意思。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子说话要谨慎,行动要敏捷。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are cautious in speech and quick in action.”
【原文】
4·25 子曰:“德不孤,必有邻。”
【白话】
孔子说:“有道德的人不会孤立,一定会有志同道合者与他相处。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Noble-minded persons are never isolated. They’ll surely have some persons to get along with who cherish the same ideals and take the same course.”
【原文】
4·26 子游曰:“事君数(1),斯(2)辱矣;朋友数,斯疏矣。”
【注释】
(1)数:读“硕”,屡次、多次,引申为烦琐的意思。
(2)斯:就。
【白话】
子游说:“事奉君主太过烦琐,就会受到侮辱;对待朋友太烦琐,就会被疏远了。”
【英译】
Tzu You said: “If you serve the lord too trivial and boring, you’ll be put to shame. If you treat your friends too trivial and boring, you’ll become estranged from your friends.
When commenting on Gongye Chang, Confucius said: “Anyone can marry his daughter to this man. Although he was in jail, yet no one can put blame on him.” Therefore, Confucius married his daughter to him.
【原文】
5·2 子谓南容(1),“邦有道(2),不废(3);邦无道,免于刑戮(4)。”以其兄之子妻之。
【注释】
(1)南容:姓南宫名适(读“过”),字子容。孔子的学生,通称他为南容。
(2)道:道,是说国家的政治符合最高的和最好的原则。这里指国家按照道管理,天下太平。
(3)废:废置,不任用。
(4)刑戮:刑罚。
【白话】
孔子评论南容说:“国家太平时,不会倒霉;国家混乱时,不会坐牢。”孔子把侄女嫁给了他。
【英译】
When commenting on Nan Rong, Confucius said: “During great order across the land, he will not get into trouble; while during disorder under heaven, he will not be put into jail.” And therefore, Confucius married his niece to Nan Rong.
【原文】
5·3 子谓子贱(1),君子哉若人(2),鲁无君子者,斯焉取斯(3)。”
【注释】
(1)子贱:姓宓(读“扶”)名不齐,字子贱。生于公元前521年,比孔子小49岁。
(2)若人:这个,此人。
(3)斯焉取斯:斯,此。第一个“斯”指子贱,第二个“斯”字指子贱的品德。
【译文】
孔子评论子贱说:“这个人真是个君子呀。如果鲁国没有君子,他是从哪里学到这种品德的呢?”
【英译】
When commenting on Tzu Jian, Confucius said: “What a gentleman Tzu Jian is! If no gentlemen in the country Lu, then where did he learn this sort of noble morality?”
Tzu Gong asked Confucius: “What do you think of me?” Confucius said: “You’re just like a tool.” Tzu Gong asked: “What sort of tool?” Confucius said: “Hulian. (an ancient tool to contain food when offering sacrifices) ”
Someone said: “Ran Yong is a noble-minded person but he’s not good at arguing.” Confucius said: “What’s the need to be good at arguing? If a person lives on arguing with a glib tongue, he will be detested by others. I don’t know whether he can be considered noble-minded person, but what’s the need to be eloquent?”
【原文】
5·6 子使漆雕开(1)仕。对曰:“吾斯之未能信。”子说(2)。
【注释】
(1)漆雕开:姓漆雕名开,字子开,一说字子若,生于公元前540年,孔子的门徒。
(2)说:读“月”,同“悦”。
【白话】
孔子让漆雕开去做官。漆雕开回答说:“我对做官这件事还没有信心。”孔子听了很高兴。
【英译】
Confucius asked Qi Diaokai to seek official posts. Qi said: “I don’t have confidence in official posts.” Hearing this, Confucius was very happy.
Confucius said: “If what I advocate isn’t workable, I’ll go to the sea by raft. Maybe only Zhong You is willing to follow me.” Hearing this Tzu Lu was very delighted. But Confucius said: “Zhong You has nothing more to surpass me except for courage.”
Meng Wubo asked: “Is Tzu Lu up to the standards of humanity?” Confucius said: “I don’t know.” Meng Wubo asked again. The master said: “Zhong You can be a general. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.” “What do you think of Ran Qiu?” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu can be a mayor. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.” “What do you think of Gongxi Chi?” Confucius said: “Gongxi Chi can be a foreign minister. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.”
Confucius said to Tzu Gong: “You and Yan Hui, who is better?” Tuz Gong replied: “How dare I compare myself with Yan Hui? Yan Hui can know ten events on the basis of knowing one event. But I can know two events on the basis of knowing one event.” Confucius said: “You are not so good as Yan Hui. I agree with you. You are really not good as him.”
Zai Yu sleeps in the day time. Confucius said: “Rotten wood can not be carved. Walls which are built with dirt can not white-washed. What’s the use to reproach him?” Confucius said: “At the beginning, I believed a person’s action after I heard his words. But now I’ll observe his action after I hear his words. The problem of Zai Yu made me change my way to observe people.”
Confucius said: “I’ve never seen anyone firm and unyielding.” Someone said: “Shen Cheng is firm and unyielding.” Confucius said: “Sheng Cheng has too many desires, how can he be firm and unyielding?”
Tzu Gong said: “I’m unwilling to be forced to do what I don’t want to. I’m also unwilling to force others to do what they don’t want to.” Confucius said: “Ci, this isn’t what you can do.”
Tzu Gong said: “What you teach in your articles can be grasped by listening, but the theories on human’s nature and heaven’s doctrines cannot be grasped by listening.”
【原文】
5·14 子路有闻,未之能行,唯恐有闻。
【白话】
子路在听到一条道理但没有能亲自实行的时候,惟恐又听到新的道理。
【英译】
Whenever Tzu Lu hears a theory but cannot put it into practice, he is afraid to hear any new ones.
Tzu Gong asked: “Why was Kong Wentzu given a posthumous title Wen?” Confucius said: “He was intelligent and diligent and did not consider it disgraceful to learn from persons in humble position.”
When commenting on Tzu Chan, Confucius said that he had four noble characters: “He conducts himself sedately, serves his lord respectfully and cherishes people by bestowing favor.”
【原文】
5·17 子曰:“晏平仲(1)善与人交,久而敬之(2)。”
【注释】
(1)晏平仲:齐国的贤大夫,名婴。 “平”是他的谥号。
(2)久而敬之:“之”在这里指代晏平仲。
【白话】
孔子说:“晏平仲善于和人交朋友,相识久了,别人十分尊敬他。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Yan Pingzhong is good at making friends with others. Knowing each other as time goes on, he is respected by others.”
Confucius said: “Zang Wenzhong built a temple with an arched roof and columns were painted with a design of water plants. And moreover, a big tortoise was hidden in the temple which was just like a shrine of the lord. How can he be considered wise?”
Tzu Zhang asked: “Tzu Wen served as premier three times, but he was never happy, and he was dismissed from office three times, he never felt wronged. Moreover, before he was relieved of his office, he was very careful to handle the matter relating handing over and taking over. What do you think of it?” Confucius said: “Quite loyal.” Tzu Zhang asked again: “Can it be considered humanity?” Confucius replied: “I don’t know. It’s quite out of the question of humanity, isn’t it?” Tzu Zhang asked again: “Cui Tzu killed Qi Zhuanggong, Chen Wentzu abandoned his family property and ran away. Whenever getting into another country, he used to say: ‘The officials here are just the same as Cui Tzu.’ Again, he ran away. After getting into another country, he said once more: ‘The officials here are just the same as Cui Tzu.’ And then he ran way again. What do you think of it?” Confucius said: “He is really above politics and worldly interests.” Tzu Zhang asked: “Can it be considered humanity?” Confucius said: “I don’t know. It’s quite out of the question of humanity, isn’t it?”
【原文】
5·20 季文子(1)三思而后行。子闻之,曰:“再,斯(2)可矣。”
【注释】
(1)季文子:即季孙行父,鲁成公、鲁襄公时任正卿,“文”是他的谥号。
(2)斯:就。
【白话】
季文子每做一件事都要考虑多次。孔子听到了,说:“考虑两次也就行了。”
【英译】
Before doing anything, Ji Wentzu always thinks over it again and again. Learning this, Confucius said: “Think twice. That’s enough.”
Confucius said: “You know Ji Wutzu. When the country is in great order, he seems very clever, while the country is in great disorder, he would pretend to be very stupid. As far as his cleverness is concerned, everyone can catch up with him, but as for his stupidity, no one can reach him.”
Confucius said in the country Chen: “Go back! Go back! The students in my hometown have great ambition but little talent. Yet their writings have rich and bright colors. I really don’t know how to guide them.”
Confucius said: “Bo Yi and Shu Qi don’t bear grudges, so they are seldom hated by others.”
【原文】
5·24 子曰:“孰谓微生高(1)直?或乞醯(2)焉,乞诸其邻而与之。”
【注释】
(1)微生高:姓微生名高,鲁国人。当时人认为他为直率。
(2)醯:读“希”,即醋。
【白话】
孔子说:“谁说微生高性格直率?有人向他要点醋,他都不直说没有,还暗地到他邻居讨点给人家。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Who said Wei Shenggao is frank? Someone asked him for some vinegar, he didn’t say frankly that he had no and moreover he stealthily asked his neighbor for some and then gave it to that man.”
Confucius said: “Saying honey words, putting on a false smile, nodding and bowing, Zuo Qiuming considers all these things shameful. So do I. Making friends with others but harboring resentment at the same time, Zuo Qiuming considers it shameful. So do I.”
With Yan Yuan and Tzu Lu standing by in attendance, Confucius said: “Why don’t you say something about your ideals?” Tzu Lu said: “I’d like to let my friends share my carriage, horse and fir coat. Even if all these are worn out, I don’t have any complains.” Yan Yuan said: “I’d like not to boast of my strong points, not to publicize my merits.” Tzu Lu said to Confucius: “I’d like to know your ideal.” Confucius said: “I’d like to see that the aged can enjoy ease and comfort, the young can get every concern, and friends have trust in me.”
【原文】
5·27 子曰:“已矣乎!吾未见能见其过而内自讼者也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“这个社会完了!我没见过既知道自己有错,又能自我批评的人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Finished! I’ve never seen anyone who not only knows his own mistakes but also criticizes himself.”
【原文】
5·28 子曰:“十室之邑,必有忠信如丘者焉,不如丘之好学也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“即使只有十户人家的小村子,也一定有像我这样讲忠信的人,只是不如我那样好学罢了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Even in a small village with only ten families, there are certainly someone like me who pays much attention to honesty.”
Zhong Gong asked Confucius what he thinks of Sang Botzu. Confucius said: “Not so bad. He does everything simply and clearly.” Zhong Gong said: “Isn’t it O.K. to administer people with a thorough plan and simple action? Plan is crude and action is careless. Isn’t it too careless?”
Ai Gong, lord of the country Lu asked: “Who is the best one to love study among your students?” Confucius replied: “There is one who named Yan Hui. He was never gray with anyone. He never made same mistakes. Unfortunately he died young. Now there is no longer that sort of person. I’ve never hear anyone who is love study.”
Tzu Hua was sent to the country Qi on a diplomatic mission. Ran Tzu asked Confucius to give some rice to his mother. Confucius said: “Give 100 pounds.” Ran Tzu said: “Give a little more please.” Confucius said: “Add forty pounds.” But Ran Tzu gave two thousand pounds. Confucius said: “In the country Lu, Tzu Hua
takes splendid carriage and wears beautiful clothes. I’ve learned it. Gentlemen give relief only to the poor but don’t add property to the rich.”
Yuan Si served Confucius’s family as a butler. Confucius gave him 900 pounds of rice, but Yuan Se refused. Confucius said: “Don’t refuse. If you think it more than enough, you can give the superfluous part to your neighbors.”
When commenting on Zhong Gong, Confucius said: “If a farm cattle breeds a calf with red hair and elegant horns, the mountain and river spirits don’t abandon this calf, can’t they?”
【原文】
6·7 子曰:“回也其心三月(1)不违仁,其余则日月(2)至焉而已矣。”
【注释】
(1)三月:指较长的时间。
(2)日月:指较短的时间。
【白话】
孔子说:“颜回这个人,他的心可以在长时间内不离开仁德,其余的学生则只能在短时间内做到仁而已。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Yan Hui can keep humanity and virtue unchanged for a long time, but my other students can keep them unchanged only for a short period.”
Ji Kangtzu asked: “Is Zhong You capable to be in charge of government affairs?” Confucius said: “Zhong You is resolute in action. Will it be difficult for him to be in charge of government affairs?” Ji Kangtzu asked: “Is Duanmu Ci capable to be in charge of government affairs?” Confucius said: “Duanmu Ci is philosophic. Will it be difficult for him to be in charge of government affairs?” Ji Kangtzu asked: “Is Ran Qiu capable to be in charge of government affairs?” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu is talent. Will it be difficult for him to be in charge of government affairs?”
Ji sent someone to ask Min Tzujian to be an official in the county Mi. Min Tzujian said to the man: “Please refuse for me. If you come again, I’ll be on the other side of Wen River .”
Bo Niu was ill. Confucius went to see him and held his hand from outside the window and said: “I should have to lose this man. It is that I’m doomed to lose him. Such a person should have got this sort of disease! Such a person should have got this sort of disease!”
Confucius said: “How noble-minded Yan Hui is! A basket of rice, a ladleful of water, and living in a shabby lane. Other people cannot endure this sort of hard life. But Yan Hui never changed his optimistic nature. How noble-minded Yan Hui is!”
Ran Qiu said: “It’s not that I don’t like your doctrine but I’m lack of a tremendous capacity.” Confucius said: “If lack of a tremendous capacity, one will stop halfway. You have not started but you’re unwilling to go forward.”
【原文】
6·13 子谓子夏曰:“女为君子儒,无为小人儒。”
【白话】
孔子对子夏说:“你要做君子式的读书人,不要做小人式的读书人。”
【英译】
Confucius said to Tzu Xia: “You should be a scholar of gentleman type but not a scholar of vugarian type.”
Tzu You got the position of mayor of Wucheng City . Confucius asked: “Have you got any persons of talent?” Tzu You replied: “There is a man named Dantai Mieming. He never goes astray and doesn’t come to my room if having no official business to do.”
Confucius said: “Meng Zhifan never praised himself. When fighting a battle, he always covered the retreat in the back of his own accord. When entering the city gate, he whipped his horse and quickly passed through the crowded welcomers, saying: ‘It’s not that I’ve got the guts to keep behind but that my horse runs not so quickly.”
【原文】
6·16 子曰:“不有祝鮀(1)之佞(2),而有宋朝(3)之美,难乎免于今之世矣。”
【注释】
(1)祝鮀:鮀,读“驼”。字子鱼,卫国大夫,有口才,以能言善辩受到卫灵公重用。
(2)佞: 口才。
(3)宋朝:宋国的公子朝,《左传》中曾记载他因美丽而惹起乱的事情。
【白话】
孔子说:“如果没有祝鮀的口才,却有宋朝的美貌,一生难免灾祸。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If a person isn’t eloquent as Zhu Tuo but only has a beautiful face like Song Chao’s, he can never avoid disasters through out his life.”
【原文】
6·17 子曰:“谁能出不由户,何莫由斯道也?”
【白话】
孔子说:“谁能出门不走门?为什么没有人走我这条路呢?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Who can go out of a door without going through this door? Why nobody takes my way?”
Confucius said: “If a person’ s characters of honesty and simplicity surpass his rich and bright colors in literature, he’ll say rude things and behave boorishly; yet if on the contrary, he’ll grandiloquent in language but conduct frivolously. Only by properly combining these two factors, both refined and courteous, can he become a gentleman.”
【原文】
6·19 子曰:“人之生也直,罔(1)之生也幸而免。”
【注释】
(1)罔:罔同“网”,欺骗,不正直。
【白话】
孔子说: “人正直,才能生活幸福;不正直的人有时也能生活平安,但那只是侥幸逃过灾难而已。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Only an honest person can enjoy a happily life; sometimes a dishonest person can also enjoy a peaceful life, but he can avoid disasters only by pure luck.”
【原文】
6·20 子曰:“知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者。”
【白话】
孔子说:“知道学习不如喜欢学习,喜欢学习不如以学习为乐。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Knowing the importance of study is not so good as loving study; loving study is not so good as taking pleasure from study.”
【原文】
6·21 子曰:“中人以上,可以语上也;中人以下,不可以语上也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“中上等天赋的人,可以同他研究高深的学问;中下等天赋的人,不可以同他讨论高深的学问。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “As for a person with an upper-middle-class gift, you can study with him profound learning; as for a person with a lower-middle-class gift, you cannot study with him profound learning.”
Fan Chi asked something about sensibleness, Confucius said: “Whenever you do something, you must to popular will. You respect religion but keep yourself far away from it. This can be considered sensibleness.” Fan Chi asked something about humanity. Confucius said: “If you can be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts, then it can be considered humanity.”
Confucius said: “Wise people love water. Benevolent people love mountains. Wise people love to be active. Benevolent people love to be calm. Wise people are happy. Benevolent people enjoy longevity.”
【原文】
6·24 子曰:“齐一变,至于鲁;鲁一变,至于道。”
【白话】 “齐国的制度经过改革,就能达到鲁国的水平;鲁国的制度经过改革,就能走上正道。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Through reformation, the system of the country Qi can reach the level of the country Lu and the system of the country Lu can be put on the right track.”
Zai Wo asked: “A benevolent person is told that a benevolent person fell into a well. Can he follow him and jump into the well? ” Confucius said: “Why does he do this sort of thing? A gentleman can go to the well to rescue the man, but he cannot make himself fell into the well. A gentleman may be cheated but he cannot act blindfold.”
【原文】
6·27 子曰:“君子博学于文,约(1)之以礼,亦可以弗畔(2)矣夫(3)。”
【注释】
(1)约:一种释为约束;一种释为简要。
(2)畔:同“叛”。
(3)矣夫:语气词,表示较强烈的感叹。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子广泛学习,遵纪守法,也就不会误入歧途!”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Song long as keeping extensive study, observing disciplines and abiding by the law, a gentleman can avoid going astray.”
【原文】
6·28 子见南子(1),子路不说(2)。夫子矢(3)之曰:“予所否(4)者,天厌之!天厌之!”
【注释】
(1)南子:卫灵公夫人,是卫国政权的实际控制者,生活淫乱。
(2)说:音义皆同“悦”。
(3)矢:音义皆同“誓”,发誓。
(4)否:不对,不是,指做了不正当的事。
【白话】
孔子去见南子,子路不高兴。孔子发誓说:“如果我做什么不正当的事,让上天谴责我吧!让上天谴责我吧!”
【英译】
Confucius went to see Nan Tzu, Tzu Lu was unhappy. Confucius swore: “If I do something wrong, let the heaven condemn me! Let the heaven condemn me!”
【原文】
6·29 子曰:“中庸(1)之为德也,其至矣乎!民鲜久矣。”
【注释】
(1)中庸:儒家处世哲学,不偏不倚,调合折中。
【白话】
孔子说:“作为一种道德,中庸该是最高境界了吧!很久以来人们就已经缺少这种道德了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “As a sort of virtue, mean should be the highest state! But people have lacked this sort of virtue for a long time.”
Tzu Gong said to Confucius: “Supposing there is a person who can relieve the broad masses by providing them much material benefit, what do you think of him? Can he be considered one of humanity?” Confucius said: “Far more than that. He’s simply a sage! Even Yao and Shun couldn’t reach this state. As far as a man of humanity is concerned, he should help others to rely on themselves when he himself wants to stand on his own legs, and help others to rise in the world when he himself wants to get a vigorous development in his own cause. Whenever doing anything, he should take himself as an example and then ‘do unto others what you would do unto yourself’. This can be considered a way to put humanity into practice.”
述而篇第七
【原文】
7·1 子曰:“述而不作(1),信而好古,窃(2)比于我老彭(3)。”
【注释】
(1)述而不作:述,传述。作,创造,创新。
(2)窃:私,私自,私下。
(3)老彭:具体指谁不详,学术界看法不一。
【白话】
孔子说:“只传授现有的知识而不创新,相信先人,特别喜爱古代典籍,我私下自比商朝的老彭。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I only pass on the existing knowledge but don’t make innovations, believe ancestors, especially love the ancient classical works. In secret, I compare myself with Shang Dynasty’s Mr. Peng.”
【原文】
7·2 子曰:“默而识(1)之,学而不厌,诲(2)人不倦,何有于我哉(3)?”
【注释】
(1)识:读“志”,记住的意思。
(2)诲:教诲。
(3)何有于我哉:对我有什么难呢?
【白话】
孔子说:“将知识默记在心,自学不满足,教人不厌倦,这些对我有什么难的?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Learn knowledge by heart, unsatisfied with study, untiring of teaching others. How can these things be difficult to me?”
【原文】
7·3 子曰:“德之不修,学之不讲,闻义不能徙(1),不善不能改,是吾忧也。”
【注释】
(1)徙:读“喜”,迁移。此处指靠近,做到。
【白话】
孔子说:“对品德不培养,对学问不钻研,听到好人好事不能学习,有错误不能改正,这些都是我所担忧的。
【英译】
Confucius said: “Don’t cultivate noble morality, don’t assiduously study knowledge, don’t learn from good examples, don’t correct mistakes. All these are what I worry about.”
【原文】
7·4 子之燕居(1),申申(2)如也;夭夭(3)如也。
【注释】
(1)燕居:安居、家居、闲居。
(2)申申:衣冠整洁。
(3)夭夭:行动迟缓、斯文和舒和的样子。
【白话】
孔子闲居在家,衣冠楚楚,悠闲自在。
【英译】
When staying at home, Confucius was well dressed, carefree and content.
Confucius said: “When teaching a student, don’t remind him before he can rack his brains, and don’t guide him before he wants to say but cannot speak out. If he cannot learn by analogy, don’t teach him anymore.”
【原文】
7·9 子食于有丧者之侧,未尝饱也。
【白话】
有戴孝的人在旁边,孔子从来没有吃饱过。
【英译】
With a person in mourning at his side, Confucius can never eat his fill.”
Confucius said to Yan Yuan: “If I’m put in an important position, I’ll fully display my talents, otherwise I’ll conceal my capacities. Only you and me can do this, can’t we?” Tzu Lu asked Confucius: “If you command the country’s armed forces, what sorts of persons do you choose to be your assistants?” Confucius said: “I don’t need anyone who can wrestle with tigers bear-handed and across rivers bare-foot, and never repent. Who I’m looking for are those who can act cautiously and win by strategy.”
【原文】
7·12 子曰:“富(1)而可求(2)也;虽执鞭之士(3),吾亦为之。如不可求,从吾所好。”
【注释】
(1)富:指升官发财。
(2)求:指合于道,可以去求。
(3)执鞭之士:古代为天子、诸侯和官员出入时手执皮鞭开路的人。意思指地位低下的职事。
【白话】
孔子说:“如能合理致富,哪怕赶车,我也干;如不能,我就干自己喜欢的事。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “So long as I can be rich reasonably, I’m willing to do anything, even if I have to drive cars for others, I don’t care. Otherwise, I’d like to do anything I love.”
Confucius acted cautiously in three aspects including fast, war and diseases.
【原文】
7·14 子在齐闻《韶》(1),三月不知肉味,曰:“不图为乐之至于斯也。”
【注释】
(1)《韶》:舜时古乐曲名。
【白话】
孔子在齐国听到了《韶》乐,有很长时间尝不出肉的滋味,他说,“想不到《韶》乐的美到这种迷人的地步。”
【英译】
After hearing the music named《Shao》in the country Qi, Confucius couldn’t taste beef. He said: “I’ve never realized that《Shao》should be amazing like this.”
Ran You said: “Is our master going to assist the lord of the country Wei?” Tzu Gong said: “Let me ask him.” After entering the room, Tzu Gong asked his master: “Bo Yi and Shu Qi belong to what sorts of persons?” The master replied: “They are ancient worthy persons.” Tzu Gong asked: “Did they regret?” The master replied: “They sought humanity and they got it. Why regret?” Tzu Gong going out and said: “Our master wouldn’t go to assist the country Wei.”
Confucius said: “Even have plain tea and simple fare and take a bended arm as a pillow, I can still take pleasure in them. In my eye, riches and honors without humanity are just like floating clouds in the sky.”
【原文】
7·17 子曰:“加(1)我数年,五十以学易(2),可以无大过矣。”
【注释】
(1)加:通“假”,给予的意思。
(2)易:指《周易》,古代占卜用的一部书。
【白话】
孔子说:“再给我几年时间,到五十岁学习《易》,我就可以不犯大错了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Let me have several more years and I’ll study 《Yi》. And at that time, I can avoid committing big mistakes.”
An official in Yecheng City asked Tzu Lu about Confucius. Tzu Lu didn’t answer. Confucius said to Tzu Lu: “Why don’t you answer him like this: when reading, he is so absorbed as to forget to eat and so happy as to forget his anxiety and even not to realize that he is becoming older and older?”
【原文】
7·20 子曰:“我非生而知之者,好古,敏以求之者也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“我不是生来就有知识,而是爱好古代东西,并勤奋敏捷学习的人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I’m not a person who has got knowledge before his birth but a person who is fond of ancient things and quick in thought and studies them diligently.”
【原文】
7·21 子不语怪、力、乱、神。
【白话】
孔子不谈论怪异、暴力、动乱、鬼神。
【英译】
Confucius never talks about monstrosities, violence, turbulence, ghosts and spirits.”
Confucius said: “Three people are walking. There must be someone among them who can be my teacher. I’d like to find out his strong points to learn and pick out his shortcomings to drawn on lessons from and make self-correction.
Confucius said: “You students think that I’ve hid something from you? I’ve hid nothing from you. I don’t have anything which I didn’t do together with you. This is my behavior.”
【原文】
7·25 子以四教:文(1)、行(2)、忠(3)、信(4)。
【白话】
孔子教学有四项内容:文献、品行、忠诚、守信。
【英译】
What Confucius taught included four aspects: documents, virtue, honesty and keeping promise.
Confucius said: “It’s impossible for me to see sages. If I can see gentlemen, that’s enough.” Confucius said again: “It’s impossible for me to see kind people. If I can see someone who can be true to himself forever, that’s enough. Have nothing, but pretend to have something. Empty, but pretend to be full. Poor, but pretend to be rich. It’s difficult for this sort of people to keep on doing something perseveringly.”
【原文】
7·27 子钓而不纲(1),弋(2)不射宿(3)。
【注释】
(1)纲:大绳。这里作动词用。在水面上拉一根大绳,在大绳上系许多鱼钩来钓鱼,叫纲。
(2)弋:读“义”,用带绳子的箭来射鸟。
(3)宿:指归巢歇宿的鸟儿。
【白话】
孔子逮鱼只垂钓不撒网,逮鸟只射飞的不射睡的。
【英译】
Confucius caught fish with only a hook but not a net, he shot only flying birds but not sleeping birds.
Confucius said: “Some people act rashly without knowing concrete conditions. I don’t do anything like that. Listen more and learn from exemplary persons; observe more and bear details in mind. This is only second to being born with knowledge.”
People in Hu Xiang didn’t behave themselves well. It was difficult to exchange ideas with them. But a boy from there was granted an interview by Confucius. His students felt perplexed about it. Confucius said: “Affirming a person’s present progress is not equal to approving his past mistakes. What’s the need to seize on others’ mistakes? Since they’ve corrected their mistakes, we should affirm their progress but not mention their past any longer.”
【原文】
7·30 子曰:“仁远乎哉?我欲仁,斯仁至矣。”
【白话】
孔子说:“仁难道离我们很远吗?只要我想达到仁,仁就来了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Humanity is very far from us? So long as I want humanity, and there it comes.”
Chen Sibai asked: “Does Lu Zhaogong know proprieties?” Confucius said: “Yes, he does.” After Confucius left, Chen Sibai made a bow to Wu Maqi with hands folded in front and asked him to come near and said: “I heard that gentlemen show no partiality. Could it be said that gentlemen show partiality? The lord of the country Lu married a woman in the country Wu. She has the same family name as his and calls her as Wu Mengtzu. If the lord of the country Lu is considered to know proprieties, is there anyone who doesn’t know?” Wu Maqi told this to Confucius. Confucius said: “I’m lucky. If I make mistakes, others must know.”
【原文】
7·32 子与人歌而善,必使反之,而后和之。
【白话】
孔子与别人一起唱歌,如果唱得好,一定要请他再唱一遍,然后和他一起唱。
【英译】
Confucius sometimes sung together with others. If he did well, he was certainly asked to repeat one more time and then others sung together with him.
【原文】
7·33 子曰:“文,莫(1)吾犹人也。躬行君子,则吾未之有得。”
【注释】
莫:约摸、大概、差不多。
【白话】
孔子说:“就书本知识来说,大约我和别人差不多,做一个身体力行的君子,那我还没有做到。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “As far as book-learning is concerned, maybe I’m about the same with others. But as for a gentleman who earnestly practices what he advocates, I’m much inferior to the standards.”
Confucius said: “As for sage and humanity, how can I deserve this? Yet, I have been constantly doing my best to go in the direction of these two aspects. And moreover, I’ve been assiduously teaching others. I think my behavior in this respect is not so bad.” Gong Xihua said: “This is the very thing that I can’t learn.”
Confucius was seriously ill and Tzu Lu prayed for him. Confucius said: “Really?” Tzu Lu said: “Yes. The text of《Lei》says: ‘Say prayer for you to heaven and earth, to spirits and ghosts.’” Confucius said: “I’ve long been praying.”
【原文】
7·36 子曰:“奢则不孙(1),俭则固(2)。与其不孙也,宁固。”
【注释】
(1)孙:同逊,恭顺。不孙,即为不顺,这里的意思是“越礼”。
(2)固:简陋、鄙陋。这里是寒酸的意思。
【白话】
孔子说:“奢侈就会骄狂,节俭就会寒酸,与其骄狂,宁可寒酸。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Luxury leads arrogance. Thrifty leads shabbiness. I’d rather show shabbiness than act
arrogance.”
【原文】
7·37 子曰:“君子坦荡荡(1),小人长戚戚(2)。”
【注释】
(1)坦荡荡:心胸宽广、开阔、容忍。
(2)长戚戚:经常忧愁、烦恼的样子。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子总是胸怀宽广,小人总是忧愁悲伤。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are always openhearted, while vulgarians are always sorrowful.”
【原文】
7·38 子温而厉,威而不猛,恭而安。
【白话】
孔子温和而又严厉,威严而不凶悍,庄重而又安祥。
【英译】
Confucius is gentle-natured but stern, awful but not violent, solemn but benign.
Confucius said: “You may well say that Tai Bo is the noblest person. He renounced sovereign authority several times. People just can’t find proper words to praise him.”
Confucius said: “Without proprieties, respectfulness is futile; without proprieties, cautiousness will lead to cowardice; without proprieties, braveness will cause trouble; without proprieties, frankness will become acridness. If leaders sincerely love their kinsfolk, people will uphold love and humanity; if gentlemen truly take care of their old friends, people couldn’t be indifferent.”
Zeng Tzu was ill and called his disciples together before him and said: “Look at my hands! Look at my feet! 《Poems》said: ‘Trembling with fear, as if facing an abyss, as though walking on thin ice.’ From now on, I know that I won’t be wounded any longer, my disciples!”
Zeng Tzu was ill and Meng Jingtzu visited him. Zeng Tzu said: “In dying hour, birds cry sadly; in face of death, people speak genially. Gentlemen should pay attention to three points about virtue: a solemn appearance can avoid rudeness; a severe expression is near honesty; a proper tone can avoid rudeness and going against common sense. As for matters concerning the tools of etiquette and ceremony, there are certainly some people to manage.”
Zeng Tzu said: “A man who is capable yet seeks advices from someone is incapable; a man who enjoys profound and extensive learning yet consults a person who is lack of knowledge and information; a man of letters is so modest that he acts as if he has no knowledge at all; a man of great learning is so modest that he behaves just like a foolish man; a person never bothers about anyone who offends him. In the past, a friend of mine conducted just like this.”
Zeng Tzu said: “A man is so reliable that you can leave an ophen to him, you can entrust the country to him. And moreover, he is dauntless and unyielding in critical moment of life and death. A man of this sort is a gentleman? Certainly is.”
Zeng Tzu said: “As for a person of resolution and integrity, he cannot but cultivate an unyielding will because his burden is heavy and his way ahead is long. He considers putting humanity into practice as his responsibility. Surely it doesn’t mean that his burden isn’t heavy. He keeps on fighting throughout his life and remains unyielding unto death. Could it be said that his way ahead isn’t long?”
【原文】
8·8 子曰:“兴(1)于诗,立于礼,成于乐。”
【注释】
(1)兴:开始。
【白话】
一译:孔子说:“培养修养从学《诗》开始,立志从学礼开始,最后通过学乐而臻于完美。”
二译:孔子说:“依靠吟诗获得兴致,根据礼法建功立业,凭借音乐愉悦身心。“
【英译】
Translation No.1:
Confucius said: “Self-cultivation begins from learning poems; making up mind starts from learning proprieties and perfection is completed through learning music.”
Translation No.2:
Confucius said: “Taking pleasure in reciting poems; carving out career and performing merits according to proprieties; and be in a good mood through enjoying music.”
【原文】
8·9 子曰:“民可使由(1)之,不可使知之。”
另一种断句:子曰:“民可(2),使由之;不可,使知之。”
【注释】
(1)由:做。
(2)可:赞同,许可。
【白话】
1.孔子说:“对于老百姓,只能使他们按照我们的意志去做,不能使他们懂得为什么要这样做。”
2.孔子说:“民众赞同的,就要执行;民众不理解的,就要向他们解释清楚。”
【英译】
Translation 1:
Confucius said: “You can only let people do something, but not let them know why.”
Translation 2:
Confucius said: “We should do whatever the people approve; we should give them a clear explanation about whatever they can’t understand.”
【原文】
8·10 子曰:“好勇疾(1)贫,乱也。人而不仁(2),疾之已甚(3),乱也。”
【注释】
(1)疾:恨、憎恨。
(2)不仁:不符合仁德的人或事。
(3)已甚:已,太。已甚,即太过份。
【白话】
孔子说:“勇敢而又嫌自己太穷,就会作乱。疾恶如仇太过分,也会惹祸。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If a person is very brave but hates poverty, he may cause trouble. If he hates evil men and ugly things too bitterly, he can also court disaster.”
【原文】
8·11 子曰:“如有周公之才之美,使骄且吝,其余不足观也已。”
【白话】
孔子说:“一个人即使有周公那样美好的才能,如果骄傲自大而又吝啬小气,那其它方面也就不值得一看了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “A person is capable even as Zhou Gong, his other aspects are still not worth looking at if he is either arrogant or mean.”
Confucius said: “Keep promise and study hard; uphold principles unswervingly all one’s life. Do not go to dangerous countries; do not live in turbulent countries. Fully display one’s talent during great order under heaven; conceal one’s capacities during great disorder across the land. Being poor during great order across the land, it’s shameful; being rich during great disorder under heaven, it’s shameful too.”
【原文】
8·14 子曰:“不在其位,不谋其政。
【白话】
孔子说:“不在那个职位上,就不考虑那职位上的事。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Think of nothing concerning a post you don’t enjoy.”
Confucius said: “From the very beginning of prelude played by the great musician Zhi thru to the end of 《Guan Ju》, rich and beautiful music constantly rang in my ears.”
【原文】
8·16 子曰:“狂(1)而不直,侗(2)而不愿(3),悾悾(4)而不信,吾不知之矣。”
【注释】
(1)狂:急躁、急进。
(2)侗:读“同”,幼稚无知。
(3)愿:谨慎、小心、朴实。
(4)悾悾:读“空”,诚恳的样子。
【白话】
孔子说:“狂妄而不正直,无知而不谨慎,表面诚恳却不守信,我真不知道这类人为什么这样。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Frantic but not upright, childish but not cautious, honest outwardly but unable to keep promise. I really don’t know why some people conduct this way.”
【原文】
8·17 子曰:“学如不及,犹恐失之。”
【白话】
孔子说:“孔子说:“学习如同赛跑,总怕赶不上,可赶上了,又怕被超过。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Study is just like race. You’re always afraid of being unable to catch up. Yet when you catch up, you’ll be afraid of being overtaken.”
【原文】
8·18 子曰:“巍巍(1)乎,舜禹(2)之有天下也而不与(3)焉!”
【注释】
(1)巍巍:崇高,高大。
(2)舜禹:舜是传说中的圣君明主。禹是夏朝的第一个国君。传说古时代,尧禅位给舜,舜后来又禅位给禹。
(3)与:参与,夺取。
【白话】
孔子说:“多么崇高啊!舜和禹不靠暴力手段夺取天下。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “How noble they are! Yao and Shun didn’t seize state power by means of violence.”
Confucius said: “As an enlightened lord, how great Yao is! What a noble lord he is! Only heaven is the highest one, and only Yao could follow the example of heaven. His kindness is as deep as the sea and people don’t know what sorts of words to choose to praise him. How great his contributions are! What a perfect propriety-system he made!”
Yao had five worthy courtiers to help him get his country well governed. The lord Wu said: “I have ten worthy courtiers.” Confucius said: “It’s difficult to get talented people, isn’t it? During the periods of Yao , Shun and Wu, there was the largest number of talented people. There was a woman among Wu’s ten talented people, so in fact he only had nine. Lord Wen of Zhou Dynasty controlled two thirds of the sate power, yet he can still obey the leadership of the central government. His virtues are really most lofty.”
Confucius said: “Yu had no fault for me to find. He led a thrifty and simple live but he did his best to serve spirits and ghosts. He was simply dressed but always turned himself out smartly when serving sacrifices. His palace was low and humble, but he devoted himself to water projects wholeheartedly. As for Yu, I can find no fault.”
子罕篇第九
【原文】 9·1 子罕(1)言利与(2)命与仁。
【注释】 (1)罕:稀少。 (2)与:主张、推崇。
【白话】 孔子很少谈到利,却推崇天命和仁德。
【英译】 Confucius rarely talked about lucre, but he had a great esteem for the will of God and virtue of humanity.
【英译】 Some people in Daxiangdang said: “What a great man Confucius is! He is really a scholar of profound and extensive learning, but it’s sorry to say that he doesn’t have any special skills to have his name up.” Learning this, Confucius said to his disciples: “Which aspect is my special skill? Cart-driving carts? Or arrow-shooting? Perhaps cart-driving is my special skill.”
Confucius said: “Making hats with linen is a previous regulation. But making hat with silk now is relatively economical. I’d like to follow the general trend. Making a respectful call on the lord in lower hall is a previous rule. But it is a breach of etiquette to do it in upper hall at present. Although infringing upon popular conventions, I’d like to do it in lower hall.”
【英译】 Being surrounded in Kuang, Confucius said: “After the death of Lord Wen, could it be said that the cultural heritage hasn’t be inherited by me? If Heaven wants to destroy culture, I wouldn’t have been able to master it. If Heaven doesn’t want to, what can people in Kuang do to me?”
Taizai asked Tzu Gong: “Our master is a sage, isn’t he? Why is he so versatile?” Tzu Gong said: “It’s Heaven that made him a sage and versatile.” Learning this, Confucius said: “How can Taizai know me? When I was little, my social position was low so that I could do so many unskilled works. Do the nobility do these sorts of unskilled works? No.”
【原文】 9·7 牢(1)曰:“子云,‘吾不试(2),故艺’。”
【注释】 (1)牢:孔子的学生。 (2)试:用,被任用。
【白话】 牢说:“孔子说过,‘我当时不受重用,所以会这些技艺’。”
【英译】 Lao said: “Confucius said: ‘I was then not put in important positions, so I can master these sorts of skills.’”
【英译】 Confucius said: “Do I have knowledge? No. A farmer once asked me some questions, but I couldn’t answer. It’s when I made a thorough inquiry that I could fully understand his questions.”
Whenever meeting persons in mourning or nobility or blind persons, though they were young, he would stand up; whenever passing by them, he would quicken his steps.
【英译】 Sighing with deep feelings, Yan Yuan said: “Our master’s knowledge is the higher the more to be looked at, the deeper the more to be delved into. It seems in front, but all of a sudden, it goes behind. Our master enriched me with knowledge step by step and restrained me with proprieties and rules. It is impossible for me not to learn from him. I’ve done my best but he is just like a mountain loftily standing in front of my eyes. I want to climb it but there’s no way.”
【英译】 Confucius was seriously ill. Tzu Lu sent a disciple of Confucius’ to serve him as a butler. When getting better later on, Confucius said: “Tzu Lu has long been playing false like this. It’s clear that I have no butler at all, but pretend to have. Whom do I cheat? Cheating Heaven? I’d rather die before you rather than die in the hands of a butler. Isn’t it better? Moreover, even if I cannot enjoy a stately funeral, could it be said that I’ll be thrown onto the road?”
【英译】 Tzu Gong said: “Here is a piece of jade. Keep it in cupboard or find a businessman who knows what’s what to sell it out?” Confucius said: “Sell it out! Sell it out! I’m just waiting for a businessman who is able to judge.”
【英译】 Confucius was going to live in a remote eastern place. Someone said: “That place is very backward. How can you live there?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen live there. How can it be backward?”
【英译】 Confucius said: “Away from home, serve the country wholeheartedly and at home, show filial devotion to parents and friendship to bothers. When arranging funeral, dare not be careless and do not let wine spoil anything. How can it be difficult for me to do all these things?”
【原文】 9·17 子在川上曰:“逝者如斯夫,不舍昼夜。”
【白话】 孔子在河边说:“时光就像这河水一样啊,不分昼夜地向前流。”
【英译】 Facing a rive, Confucius said: “Time elapses like this river running forward night and day.”
【原文】 9·18 子曰:“吾未见好德如好色者也。”
【白话】 孔子说:“我没有见过像喜欢美色那样喜欢美德的人。”
【英译】 Confucius said: “I’ve never met anyone who loves virtue as if loves beauties.”
【英译】 Confucius said: “Like piling up a mountain, I failed to finish the job because of lacking only one basket of earth. It’s my own choice. Like filliing up a pit, I added only one basket of earth and then contimue to do like this. It’s also my own decision.”
【原文】 9·20 子曰:“语之而不惰者,其回也与!”
【白话】 孔子说:“听我说话百听不厌的,恐怕只有颜回一个人吧!”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I’m afraid there is only one person, namely Yan Hui, who is never bored when listening to my speech even one hundred times.”
【英译】 Confucius said to Yan Yuan: “What a pity! I’ve only seen him advancing but never seen him stopping.”
【原文】 9·22 子曰:“苗而不秀(1)者有矣夫;秀而不实者有矣夫!”
【注释】 (1)秀:稻、麦等庄稼吐穗扬花叫秀。
【白话】 孔子说:“庄稼出了苗而不能吐穗的情况是有的;吐穗扬花而不结果实的情况也是有的!”
【英译】 Confucius said: “It happens that crops have seedlings but sprout no ears; and it also happens that crops sprout ears but bear no fruit.”
【原文】 9·23 子曰:“后生可畏,焉知来者之不如今也?四十、五十而无闻焉,斯亦不足畏也已。”
【白话】 孔子说:“年轻人值得敬畏,怎么知道后辈不如今人?如果四五十岁还默默无闻,那他就没戏了。”
【英译】 Confucius said: “Young deserves to be treated with awe. How can you know that posterity is not so good as people of today? If a man is still unknown to the public at the age of forty or fifty, then he is finished.”
【英译】 Confucius said: “How can I refuse reasonable advices? When having mistakes, it’s really admirable to correct them. How can it be said that flattery doesn’t make people happy? Yet, I’m really at my wit’s end to the people who are only happy but don’t make analysis on hearing flattery and who only approve but don’t adopt others’ reasonable advices.”
【原文】 9·25 子曰:“主忠信,毋友不如己者,过则勿惮改。”(1)
【白话】 孔子说:“一切以忠信为本,不结交不如自己的朋友,有错误不怕改正。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Take honesty as a foundation. Don’t make friends with people who are not so good as yourself. Don’t hesitate in correcting mistakes.”
Confucius said: “Shabbily dressed, but stand side by side with people luxuriously dressed without feeling ashamed. Perhaps only Tzu Lu can do this. ‘Don’t be jealousy; don’t be greedy. Why no one praises these sorts of virtues?’” Tzu Lu recited this poem all his life. Confucius said again: “He should act this way. What’s the need to praise him?”
【原文】 9·28 子曰:“岁寒,然后知松柏之后彫也。”
【白话】 孔子说:“天冷才知道松柏是最后凋谢的。”
【英译】 Confucius said: “It’s at the time of cold that we know pine tree is the last one to become withered and bare.”
【原文】 9·29 子曰:“知者不惑,仁者不忧,勇者不惧。”
【白话】 孔子说:“聪明人不会迷惑,有仁德的人不会忧愁,勇敢的人不会畏惧。”
【英译】 Confucius said: “Wise people cannot be puzzled; noble-minded people cannot be sorrowful; brave people cannot be timid.”
【英译】 Confucius said: “There are some people from whom you can learn doctrines but it isn’t necessary to be able to gain something about doctrines. Even if you can gain something about doctrines, it won’t be necessary to be able to persevere in doctrines. And even you can persevere in doctrines, yet it won’t be necessary for you to be able to adjust yourself to circumstances.”
There is an ancient poem saying: “O, Tang Di flowers! You’re so beautifully swinging. How can it be said that I don’t miss you? It’s only because I live too far from here.” Confucius said: “Still, you don’t really miss him. Otherwise it’s quite out of the question of being too far.”
乡党篇第十
【原文】
10·1 孔子于乡党(1),恂恂(2)如也,似不能言者。其在宗庙、朝廷,便便(3)言,唯谨尔。
【注释】
(1)乡党:乡土,本乡本土,引申“相亲”。
(2)恂恂:读“寻”,温和恭顺。
(3)便便:读“片”第二声,善于辞令。
【白话】
孔子面对乡亲时显得很温和恭敬,好像不会说话。但宗庙、朝廷,却善于言辞,只是说话谨慎而已。
【英译】
Facing fellow townsmen, Confucius didn’t seem good at speaking. Yet in ancestral temple and court, he was a man of eloquence, but he was rather cautious.
In court, Confucius talked with ease and confidence to lower rank officials, was out-spoken to higher rank officials, and talked to the lord respectfully and cautiously.
The lord called Confucius in and asked him to receive guests. Confucius looked serious and quickened his pace. While making bows with hands folded in front to people beside him in both sides, he cupped one hand in the other to the left and then to the right with his dress swinging forward and backward rather neatly. When swiftly stepping forward, he walked at a brisk space. When guests left, he was certain to report back: “Guests went far away.”
Entering the court gate, Confucius looked deferential and cautious as if no place to shelter himself. When standing, he never stood in the middle of a door; when walking, he never let his feet touch threshold. While passing by the lord’s seat, he looked serious and quickened pace and spoke with a feeble voice as if suffering vitality deficiency. When walking toward upper hall with his gown hem in hand, he held his breath with all courtesy and respect as if he didn’t breathe at all. Only at the time of turning back and walking down the steps did he show a relaxed look and seemingly feel happy and contented. After walking down all the steps, he took a few quick paces forward as a bird stretching its wings. Back onto his seat, he still looked extremely differential but uneasy.
Confucius held a jade “Gui” in hand as if bowing to the lord and being unable to hold it. He raised it as if he made a bow with hands folded in front. Putting it down as if he presented it. When he walked with light and quick steps as if following a straight line, he showed a severe look and trembled with fear. Yet when presenting gifts, he showed an amiable look. While having a private interview with the lord, he looked rather relaxed and happy.
Gentlemen neither use dark red material to make hems nor use red or purple material to make underwear. In summer, they wear coarse unlined clothes and must wear outer garment when away from home. They should pay attention to match: match black underwear with black outer garment, white underwear with yellow outer garment, yellow underwear with yellow outer garment. Underwear should be long with right sleeve relatively short. Pajamas must be used and should be one and half time the length of one’s height. Seat cushions must be thick. After funeral, there’re no restrictions on ornaments. As for clothes used on formal occasions, they must have hems cut. During funeral, black dress and hats are unadvisable. One the first day of every January, they must wear audience dress to have their audience with the sovereign ruler.
【原文】10·7 齐(1),必有明衣(2),布。齐必变食(3),居必迁坐(4)。
【注释】
(1)齐:古时音义皆同斋。
(2)明衣:斋前沐浴后穿的浴衣。
(3)变食:改变平常的饮食。指不饮酒,不吃葱、蒜等有刺激味的东西。
(4)居必迁坐:指从内室迁到外室居住,不和妻妾同房。
【白话】
斋戒沐浴,必备浴衣,用布缝制。斋戒饮食必改,住处也必迁移。
【英译】
On fast days, one must wear bathrobe after bath, which is made of cloth. During fast period, one should change diet and residence.
When you pestle grain, the more delicate the better; while fish and meat to be cut, the finest the better. Neither moldy grain nor rotten fish and meat are eatable. Do not eat food with bad colors. Do not eat food with bad smell. Do not eat food improperly cooked. Do not eat food unseasonable. Do not eat meat without being cut into square pieces. Do not eat food improperly flavored. While eating meat, do not take more than rice though plenty. Only wine is unlimited, yet do not get drunk. Do not eat dried meat and wine bought from market. Ginger must be taken during each meal, but not too much.
【原文】
10·9 祭于公,不宿肉(1),祭肉(2)不出三日。出三日,不食之矣。
【注释】
(1)不宿肉:不使肉过夜。
(2)祭肉:祭祀用的供品肉。
【白话】
孔子参加国君祭祀典礼后分到的祭肉,不隔夜吃。祭肉不超过三天。超过三天,就不吃了。
【英译】
Confucius didn’t eat overnight sacrificial meat allotted to him after participating in sacrificial rites held by lord. Sacrificial meat couldn’t be kept over three days. Otherwise, he didn’t eat it at all.
Even if coarse rice and vegetable soup, Confucius was certain to put some aside before dinner as sacrificial offerings to his ancestors. He did it with all courtesy and respect as if during fast days.
【原文】
10·12 席(1)不正,不坐。
【注释】
(1)席:古代没有桌椅,要把席子铺在地上坐。
【白话】
席放得不正,不坐。
【英译】
Confucius didn’t sit on mat which wasn’t put properly.
【原文】
10·13 乡人饮酒(1),杖者(2)出,斯出矣。
【注释】
(1)乡人饮酒:指当时的乡饮酒礼。
(2)杖者:柱拐杖的人,指老年人。
【白话】
乡亲们的饮酒仪式结束后,孔子一定要等老人先出去,然后自己才出去。
【英译】
After ending country wine rites, Confucius would certainly let old people walk out before him.
【原文】
10·14 乡人傩(1),朝服而立于阼阶(2)。
【注释】
(1)傩:读“挪”,迎神驱鬼仪式。
(2)阼阶:阼,读“做”,东面的台阶。主人迎客要站在大堂东面的台阶上。
【白话】
乡人举行驱鬼仪式时,孔子总是穿着朝服站在东边的台阶上。
【英译】
During country ghost-expelling-rites, Confucius usually had his official garment on and stood on the eastern step.
【原文】
10·15 问(1)人于他邦,再拜而送之(2)。
【注释】
(1)问:问候。古代人在问候时往往要致送礼物。
(2)再拜而送之:在送别客人时,两次拜别。
【白话】
托人向在外国朋友问候送礼,一定拜见两次送行。
【英译】
When asking someone to send regards or gifts to foreign friends, it was definite that Confucius saw him off by making two respectful calls on him
【原文】
10·16 康子馈药,拜而受之。曰:“丘未达,不敢尝。”
【白话】
季康子给孔子赠送药品,孔子拜谢接受之后说:“我对药性不了解,不敢尝。”
【英译】
Accepting some medicine given by Ji Kangtzu, Confucius said: “I’m not familiar with its property so I dare not have a taste.”
【原文】
10·17 厩焚。子退朝,曰:“伤人乎?”不问马。
【白话】
马棚被大火焚毁。孔子退朝回来,说:“伤人了吗?”不问马的情况。
【英译】
Confucius’ stable was destroyed by a fire. Back from his audience with the sovereign ruler, he said: “Are there anyone wounded?” But he asked nothing about his horse.
Given food by the lord, Confucius definitely put it properly and then had a taste. Given raw meat, he definitely had it cooked and then offered it as sacrifices to ancestors. Given something alive, he definitely accepted and raised it. Accompanying the lord to have a meal, he definitely had a taste before the lord began offering sacrifice.
Confucius was ill. The lord went to see him. Lying in bed, he had his head eastward with official garment covering his body and waistband in his hand.
【原文】
10·20 君命召,不俟驾行矣。
【白话】
君主召见,孔子不等车备好就先步行走去了。
【英译】
Whenever called in by the lord, Confucius would usually go by foot without waiting to prepare carriage and horse ready.
【原文】
10·21 入太庙,每事问(1)。
【白话】
孔子进入太庙,每件事都问。
【英译】
Entering the temple which was built for offering sacrifice to the lord’s ancestors, Confucius asked about everything.
【原文】
10·22 朋友死,无所归,曰:“于我殡(1)。”
【注释】
(1)殡:停放灵柩和埋葬都可以叫殡,这里是泛指丧葬事务。
【白话】
朋友死了,没有人办丧事,孔子说:“丧事由我来办吧。”
【英译】
A friend died but no one made arrangements for funeral affairs. Confucius said: “Let me do it.”
【原文】
10·23 朋友之馈,虽车马,非祭肉,不拜(1)。
【注释】
(1) 拜:拜领,即接受。
【白话】
朋友馈赠物品,如果不是祭肉,即便是车马,也不接受。
【英译】
As for gifts given by friends, Confucius refused anything other than sacrifice meat. If no sacrifice meat, he accepted nothing even if there were horses or carts.
【原文】
10·24 寝不尸,居不客。
【白话】
睡觉不像挺尸那样僵直,居家不像客人那样拘谨。
【原文】
When sleeping, Confucius wasn’t as stiff and rigid as a corpse. While staying at home, he wasn’t as overcautious as a visitor.
When seeing people in mourning apparel, Confucius definitely changed his usual look into a severe one even if they were near and dear to him. When seeing officials or blind musicians, he definitely showed respects even if they were well acquainted with each other. While seating in a cart and seeing people attending a funeral, he definitely bent his body to show sympathy. Seeing people carrying inscribed wooden slips, he did the same. Attending a grand banquet, he definitely changed his usual countenance into a thankful look and stood up to show gratitude. When bad weather came about with sound thunders and strong wind, he definitely showed a respectful and awesome expression to the heaven.
【原文】
10·26 升车,必正立,执绥(1)。车中,不内顾(2),不疾言(3),不亲指(4)。
【注释】
(1)绥:上车时扶手用的索带。
(2)内顾:回头看。
(3)疾言:大声说话。
(4)不亲指:不用自己的手指划。
【白话】
上车时要先直立站好,然后拉着扶手带上车。在车里,不东张西望,不高声说话,不用手指画脚。
【英译】
When boarding a cart, Confucius definitely stood straight first and then grasped the supporting belt to help him climb up. In the cart, he neither peeped here and there nor spoke aloud and gesticulated wildly.
Seeing some pheasants flying and then gathering in a tree during an outing, Confucius suddenly changed his expression and said: “These she-pheasants on the hill. How lucky they are! How lucky they are!” Ztu Lu bowed to the birds cupping one hand in the other before his chest. And the birds gave out several cries and flew away.
Confucius said: “Anyone who learnt etiquette and music first and then looked for official posts was a common people. Anyone who looked for official posts first and then learnt etiquette and music was an aristocrat. If I had to make an appointment, I’d like to choose a common people.”
【原文】
11·2 子曰:“从我于陈、蔡(1)者,皆不及门(2)也。”
【注释】
(1)陈、蔡:均为国名。
(2)不及门:门,这里指受教的场所。不及门,不在身边受教。
【白话】
孔子说:“跟随我去陈蔡两国的人,现在都不在我身边了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “People who once followed me to the countries Chen and Cai were no longer right before my eyes.”
The ones who were of high character and great prestige included Yan Yuan, Min Ztujian, Ran Boniu and Zhong Gong. People who were endowed with eloquence included Zai Wo and Ztu Gong. Persons were good at politics included Ztu You and Ztu Xia.
【原文】
11·4 子曰:“回也非助我者也,于吾言无所不说。”
【白话】
孔子说:“颜回并不是对我有帮助的人,但他对我说的话却没有不心悦诚服的。”
【英译】
Yan Hui wasn’t a person who was helpful to me, yet never under any circumstances was he failed to feel a heartfelt admiration for my words.”
【原文】
11·5 子曰:“孝哉闵子骞!人不间(1)于其父母昆(2)弟之言。”
【注释】
(1)间:批评挑剔。
(2)昆:哥哥。
【白话】
孔子说:“闵子骞真孝顺呀!人们听到他父母兄弟对他的夸奖都很赞成。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “What a dutiful person Min Ztuqian is! People heard his parents and brothers praised him and quite agree with them.”
【原文】
11·6 南容三复白圭(1),孔子以其兄之子妻(2)之。
【注释】
(1)白圭:圭,读“归”,白玉。指诗经中有关说话谨慎的诗句。
(2)妻:动词,读“气”,嫁给的意思。
【白话】
南容反复诵读赞美白圭的诗句,孔子就把自己的侄女嫁给了他。
【英译】
Nan Rong often recited the poem on white jade and Confucius married his niece to him.
Ji Kangztu asked Confucius: “Among your students who loves to study?” Confucius replied: “Yan Hui. But unfortunately he died young. There’s no more such sort of people.”
Yan Yuan died. His father Yan Lu asked Confucius to sell out his cart to make his son an outer coffin. Confucius said: “No matter capable or not, they are all sons to their fathers. When my son Kong Li died, I didn’t sell out my cart to make him an outer coffin because I was once a higher official “Daifu”. It won’t do for a Daifu to go on foot.”
Yan Yuan died. Confucius’ students were going to entomb him grandly. Confucius said: “This won’t do.” These students held a stately funeral for Yan Yuan. Confucius said: “Yan Hui treated me as his father, but I couldn’t treat him as my son. It’s not my original idea. All these things were done by my students.”
Ji Lu asked Confucius how to attend ghosts and spirits. Confucius said: “You haven’t even well attended people, then how can you well attend ghosts and spirits?” Ji Lu said: “What’s death about?” Confucius replied: “You even don’t know anything about life, how can you know anything about death?”
Min Tzuqian stood by Confucius in attendance, kindly and pleasantly. Ztu Lu showed a firm and unyielding look. Ran You and Tzu Gong looked kind and gentle. Confucius was quite happy. Yet Confucius said: “People like Zhong You cannot die a worthy death, I’m afraid.”
The lord of the country Lu was going to rebuild national treasury. Min Tzuqian said: “Keep it unchanged. How about it? What’s the need to rebuild it?” Confucius said: “This guy seldom says a word. Yet so long as he opens his mouth, he’ll hit home.”
Confucius said: “Why is Zhong You playing Se (a zither – like musical instrument) at my doorway?” Confucius’ student therefore didn’t show respect to Ztu Lu. Confucius said: “Ztu Lu plays quite well, only that he hasn’t been proficient in it.”
Ztu Gong asked Confucius: “Who is better? Ztu Zhang or Ztu Xia?” Confucius said: “Ztu Zhang often overdoes. But Ztu Xia often under-does.” Ztu said: “Ztu Zhang is better, then?” Confucius said: “Too much is as bad as too little.”
Ji Shi richer than the lord of Zhou Dynasty, but Ran Qiu still helped him collect money so as to make him much richer than ever before. Confucius said: “Ji Shi is no longer my student. You students can beat drum to attack him.”
【原文】
11·18 柴(1)也愚(2),参也鲁(3),师(4)也辟(5),由也喭(6)。
【注释】
(1)柴:高柴,字子羔,孔子学生,比孔子小30岁,公元前521年出生。
(2)愚:耿直。
(3)鲁:迟钝。
(4)师: 颛孙师,即子张。
(5)辟:读“必”,偏,偏激。
(6)喭:读“艳”,鲁莽。
【译文】
高柴耿直,曾参迟钝,颛孙师偏激,仲由鲁莽。
【英译】
Gao Chai was straifhtforward. Zeng Can was dull. Zhuansun Shi was over-radical. Zhong You was rash.
【原文】
11·19 子曰:“回也其庶(1)乎,屡空(2)。赐不受命,而货殖(3)焉,亿(4)则屡中。”
【注释】
(1)庶:庶几,接近。
(2)空:贫困,匮乏。
(3)货殖:做买卖。
(4)亿:同“臆”,臆断,猜测,估计。
【白话】
孔子说:“颜回的情况近乎完善,可是他经常贫困。端本赐不听天由命,去做买卖,猜测行情,往往猜中。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Yan Hui is nearly perfect, but he is often poor. Duanmu Ci refuses to leave thing to chance and went to business. He often estimates market situation by guess but he wins.”
【原文】
11·20 子张问善人(1)之道,子曰:“不践迹(2),亦不入于室(3)。”
【注释】
(1)善人:指本质善良但没有经过学习的人。
(2)践迹:迹,脚印。践,踩,踩着前人的脚印走。
(3)入于室:比喻学问和修养达到了精深地步。
【白话】
子张问做善人的方法。孔子说:“如果不沿着前人的脚印走,其学问就不会到家。”
【英译】
Ztu Zhang asked the way to perfect himself. Confucius said: “If you don’t march ahead along others’ tracts, then you cannot have a good comprehension of knowledge.”
【原文】
11·21 子曰:“论笃是与(1),君子者乎?色(2)庄者乎?”
【注释】
(1)论笃是与:论,言论。笃,诚恳。与,赞许。对说话笃实诚恳的人表示赞许。
(2)色:伪装。
【白话】
孔子说:“听到人议论笃实诚恳就表示赞许,但还应看他是真君子呢?还是伪装庄重的人呢?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “When someone compliments others on their honesty, we should agree with him. But we should also ask whether he compliments real gentlemen or hypocrites”
Ztu Lu asked: “Go into action on hearing?” Confucius said: “How can you go into action when your father and brother are still living and in good health?” Ran You asked: “Go into action on hearing?” Confucius said: “Go into action on hearing.” Gongxi Hua said: “Zhong You asked: ‘Go into action on hearing?’ You said: ‘How can you go into action when your father and brother are still living and in good health?’ Ran Qiu also asked: ‘Go into action on hearing?’ But you said: ‘Go into action on hearing.’ This makes me feel perplexed. Would you please give me an explanation?” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu always shrinks back so I have to encourage him. But Zhong You is quite bold, so I have to restrain him.”
After being pinned down in Kuang district for a long time, Yan Yuan escaped at last. Confucius said: “I thought you must have died.” Yan Yuan said: “How can I die while you are still living and in good health?”
Ji Zturan asked: “Zhong You and Ran Qiu can be considered competent ministers?” Confucius said: “I thought you had asked me about others. So you’re asking me about these two guys. It seems to me that they should be considered two stopgaps.” Ji Zturan said: “Do they obey orders absolutely or not?” Confucius said: “If they are ordered to kill their fathers and the lord, they certainly do not obey.”
Ztu Lu asked Ztu Gao to be the leader of Fei district. Confucius said: “You’re simple doing harm to him.” Ztu Lu said: “There are people and lands in that place. Serving the people and administrating the state can also be considered studies. How can it be necessary to read books?” Confucius said: “You’re simply using lame arguments.”
Accompanied by Ztu Lu, Zeng Zhe and Gongxi Hua, Confucius sat there saying: “Don’t consider my age too much to be out-spoken. You often said that no one could well understand you. If some people can well understand you and entrust you with important work, what are you going to do?”
Ztu Lu said in a hurry: “If a relatively big country is sandwiched by big countries and suffer from outer invasion and inner famine, I’d like to govern this country. Only within three years, I can make everyone brave and act according to the principles of humanity.”
孔子微笑。“冉求,你怎样?”
Confucius smiled and asked: “Ran Qiu, how about you?”
冉求答:“方圆几十里的地方,我来治理,只要三年,可使百姓衣食充足,至于精神文明,要等能人来教化。”
Ran Qiu replied: “If there is a place which has a circumference of ten li, I can govern it. Only three years are needed for me to make people well-fed and well-clothed. Yet, as for the problem of spiritual civilization, a capable man is needed to solve it.
孔子问:“公西赤,你怎样?”
Confucius asked: “Gongxi Chi, how about you?”
公西赤答:“我不敢说能干好,但愿意学习。祭祀的事,外交的事,我愿穿着礼服,做个助理。
Gongxi Chi replied: “I don’t dare to say that I can do it well, but I’m willing to learn. As to sacrifice offering and foreign affairs, I’m willing to be an assistant in ceremonial dress.”
孔子问:“曾点,你怎样?”
Confucius asked: “Zeng Dian, how bout you?”
曾皙弹琴正接近尾声,他铿地一声放下琴,站起来说:“我与他们三位不同。”
Zeng Zhe’s lute playing was coming to an end when he threw his lute onto the ground with a bang and stood up, saying: “I’m different from these three ones.”
孔子说:“说说有什么关系?只是各谈各的志向而已。”
Confucius said: “What does it matter to say something? It’s only a problem of expressing their respective ideals.”
Zeng Dian said: “In late March, I’d like to wear spring clothing, invite five or six people, take six or seven kids and have a bath near the bank of Xishui, expose myself to the wind on a high hill, and finally come back home singing all the way.”
夫子感叹说:“我欣赏曾点的情趣。”
The master sighed with feeling and said: “I appreciate Zeng Dian’s delight.”
其他三人走后,曾皙问:“他们三人的话怎样?”
After these three people left, Zeng Zhe asked: “How about the remarks of these three people?”
孔子说:“只是各谈各的志向而已。”
Confucius said: “It’s only a problem of expressing their respective ideals.”
曾皙说: “您为何笑仲由呢?”
Zeng Zhe said: “Why are you laughing at Zhong You?”
孔子说:“治国要讲礼让,他的话一点也不谦虚,所以笑他。”
Confucius said: “If you want to govern a country, you should give up something for the sake of courtesy. But he didn’t say anything modest, so I laughed at him.”
曾皙又问:“冉求谈的是治国吗?”
Zeng Zhe asked again: “Did Ran Qiu say anything about governing a country?”
孔子说:“怎么见得治理方圆几十里的地方就不是治国呢?”
Confucius said: “How can you know governing a place in a circumferece of several decades of li is not governing a country?”
曾皙又问:“公西赤谈的是治国吗?”
Zeng Zhe asked again: “What Gongxi Chi said is something about administering a country?”
孔子说:“祭祀和外交,不是国家大事是什么?如果公西赤只能当助理,谁能当大相?”
Confucius said: “If sacrifice offering and foreign affairs are not big national issues, then what are they? If Gongxi Chi is fit for an assistant only, then who is fit for a high official?”
Yan Yuan asked Confucius about humanity. Confucius said: “Set strict demands on ourselves so as to make our action conform to standards of proprieties. This is humanity. So long as we do this way, our society will be put on tract of humanity. It completely depends on oneself to make his action conform to standards of humanity. How can it be that it depends on others?” Yan Yuan said: “Would you please tell me the concrete way to do it?” Confucius said: “As to things going against humanity, you just don’t look at, don’t listen to, don’t speak, and don’t do.” Yan Yuan said: “I’m very simple, yet I’m willing to do everything according to your remarks.”
Zhong Gong asked what sort of action can be considered humanity. Confucius said: “Go out to manage business respectfully and seriously as meeting with distinguished guests. Order people about as if hold grand sacrificial rites. Do not do to others what you would not have them to do to you. Do not breed enmity with colleagues; live in harmony at home.” Zhong Gong said: “I’m quite simple, but I’m willing to act according to your remarks.”
Sima Niu asked questions about humanity. Confucius said: “Noble-minded people speak cautiously.” Sima Niu said: “Speaking cautiously is humanity?” Confucius said: “Doing something is very difficult. In view of this, how can it be advisable for us not to speak cautiously?”
Sima Niu asked questions about gentlemen. Confucius said: “Gentlemen neither worry about nor fear anything.” Sima Niu said: “Worrying about or fearing nothing can be considered humanity?” Confucius said: “If one has nothing on his conscience, then what in the world can make him worry about and fear anything?”
Sima Niu said sadly: “All others have brothers. Only I have no.” Zi Xia said: “I heard: ‘Life and death depend on fate; riches and honors depend on Heaven.’ So long as a gentleman works selflessly making no mistakes and treats people according to proprieties, he’ll find that all people in the world are his friends. What’s the need for a gentleman to worry about having no friend?”
Ztu Zhang asked questions about sensibility. Confucius said: “Some slanders are like water soaking into something secretly. Some frames are like knives cutting skin ruthlessly. If these slanders and frames can do nothing to you, then you can be considered a man of sensibility. And if these slanders and frames can do nothing to you, then you can be considered a man of foresight.”
Ztu Gong asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “You should have abundant grain, sufficient troops and people’s trust.” Ztu Gong said: “If I have to remove one of them, which one should be taken off first?” Confucius said: “Take off sufficient troops.” Ztu Gong said: “If I have to remove another one, which one should be taken off?” Confucius said: “Take off abundant grain. There must have people to die ever since ancient times. If you lose people’s trust, the state will be unable to exist.”
Ji Chengztu said: “Gentlemen should lay stress on qualities. What’s the need to attach importance to culture?” Ztu Gong said: “What a pity! As a master, you should talk about gentlemen like this. A word once out of the lips cannot be recovered even by swift horses. Qualities are like culture, and vice versa. Tiger or leopard leather is just like dog or sheep leather.”
Ai Gong, the lord of the country Lu asked You Ruo: “Our country is suffering from financial difficulties due to the famine. How can we do?” You Ruo replied: “Whe don’t you carry out the One Tenth Tax?” Ai Gong said: “Even Two Tenth is not enough, let alone One Tenth.” You Ruo said: “If the ordinary people are rich, how can it be possible that you’re not rich consequently? And if the ordinary people are poor, how can it be possible that you are rich?”
Ztu Zhang asked how to enhance moral level and distinguish between right and wrong. Confucius said: “Taking honesty as purpose and carrying forward justice can enhance a person’s moral level. When you love a person, you wish he could enjoy longevity. But when you hate him, you wish he could die immediately. Wish a person a long life and meanwhile hope he could die at once. Wish a person a long life and at the same time hope he could die immediately. It is that you can’t distinguish right from wrong. It is just like what《The Book of Songs》said: ‘Even if it is not that you dislike the poor and love the rich, it is at least that you love the new and dislike the old.’”
Jing Gong, the lord of the country Qi asked Confucius how to manage government affairs. Confucius said:“A lord should be like a lord. A courtier should be like a courtier. A father should be like a father. A son should be like a son.” Jing Gong said: “Quite right! If a lord is not like a lord, a courtier is not like a courtier, a father is not like a father, and a son is not like a son, can I have something to eat even if the grain is sufficient?”
【原文】
12·12 子曰:“片言(1)可以折狱(2)者,其由也与(3)?”子路无宿诺(4)。
【注释】
(1)片言:诉讼双方中一方的言辞,即片面之辞,古时也叫“单辞”。
(2)折狱:狱,案件。即断案。
(3)其由也与:大概只有仲由吧。
(4)宿诺:宿,一夜;也指时间久。宿诺,拖很久而没有兑现的诺言。
【白话】
孔子说:“只凭单方供词就可判案的,大概只有仲由吧。”子路履行诺言从不过夜。
【英译】
Confucius said: “Decide a case only according to one-side story. Maybe only Zhong You can do it.”
【原文】
12·13 子曰:“听讼(1),吾犹人也。必也使无讼乎!”
【注释】
(1)听讼:讼,读“宋“,诉讼。审理诉讼案件。
【白话】
孔子说:“审理诉讼案,我和别人一样。重要的是杜绝诉讼案件的发生!”
【英译】
Confucius said: “As for trying a case, mine is identical with the way of others. The most important thing is that we should do our best to prevent any lawsuit cases from occurring!”
【原文】
12·14 子张问政。子曰:“居之无倦,行之以忠。”
【白话】
子张问如何理政。孔子说:“勤勉为民,精忠报国。”
【英译】
Ztu Zhang asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Assiduously serve the people and loyally repay the country.”
【原文】
12·15子曰:“君子博学于文,约(1)之以礼,亦可以弗畔(2)矣夫(3)。”
【注释】
(1)约:一种释为约束;一种释为简要。
(2)畔:同“叛”。
(3)矣夫:语气词,表示较强烈的感叹。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子广泛学习,遵纪守法,也就不会误入歧途!”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Song long as keeping extensive study, observing disciplines and abiding by the law, a gentleman can avoid going astray.”
【原文】
12·16 子曰:“君子成人之美,不成人之恶。小人反是。”
【白话】
孔子说:“君子成全别人的好事,而不助长别人的丑事。小人则与此相反。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen help others achieve a desired end but do not encourage others to do evil. But vulgarians run counter to it.”
【原文】
12·17 季康子问政于孔子。孔子对曰:“政者正也。子帅以正,孰敢不正?”
【白话】
季康子问孔子如何理政。孔子回答说:“政就是正。您带头走正路,谁敢不跟着走?”
【英译】
Ji Kangztu asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “By saying government affairs, it means that everything must be done correctly. Since you take a lead in taking a right way, who dare not to follow you?”
Distressed about being infested with robbers and thieves, Jin Kangztu asked Confucius how to deal with it. Confucius said: “If you yourself seek no personal gain, no one is willing to commit theft even if you give awards to him.”
Ji Kangztu asked Confucius how to manage government affairs and said: “If I kill evil doers to help good people, how do you think about it?” Confucius said: “How can you manage government affairs by killing? If you want to do good works, people will follow you. A person in high position is just like wind. While a person in low position is just like grass. When wind blows on grass, grass will certainly topple and fall.”
Ztu Zhang asked: “How to become illustrious and influential?” Confucius said: “What do you mean by saying illustrious and influential?” Ztu Zhang said: “Well known both at home and abroad.” Confucius said: “This is only the problem of being well known but not the one of being influential. By saying illustrious and influential, we mean the moralities including being honest, just, good at feeling somebody out by examining his words and observing his countenance, and willing to be in low position. Only by doing so, can a person become illustrious and influential both home and abroad. Indeed so, but some other people can also get good reputations home and abroad by cheating who show only superficial humanity but they are entirely different from reality and who consider themselves to be men of integrity without a shadow of doubt.”
Walking under the sacrificial altar in company with Confucius, Fan Chi said: “How to enhance moral level, correct mistakes and distinguish between truth and falsehood?” Confucius said: “An excellent question! Bear hardship first and then enjoy comforts. It helps a person to enhance moral level, doesn’t it? Do self- criticism but don’t criticize others. It helps a person to correct mistakes, doesn’t it? Some people cannot endure uncomplainingly for a while and forget the dangers he himself and his beloved are faced with. Surely it doesn’t mean that they are not bewildered.”
Pan Chi asked questions about humanity. Confucius said: “Love people.” Pan Chi asked questions about wisdom. Confucius said: “Understand people.” Pan Chi didn’t understand. Confucius said: “Overwhelm unhealthy trend with healthy trend.” Came out and saw Ztu Xia, Pan Chi said: “I saw our master and asked him something about wisdom. He said: ‘Overwhelm unhealthy trend with healthy trend.’ What does it mean?” Ztu Xia said: “Extremely profound! When administering his state, Yao selected persons of talent from among the broad masses. Gao Yao was chosen and evil doers disappeared. When administering his state, Tang selected persons of talent from among the broad masses. Yi Yin was chosen and vulgarians disappeared.”
【原文】
12·23 子贡问友。子曰:“忠告而善道之,不可则止,毋自辱也。”
【白话】
子贡问怎样对待朋友。孔子说:“诚恳地加以劝告,恰当地加以引导,如果不听也就罢了,不要自取其辱。”
【英译】
Ztu Gong asked the way to treat friends. Confucius said: “Honestly advise and probably guide them. If they don’t listen to you, just leave it at that and don’t get self-insulted.”
【原文】
12·24 曾子曰:“君子以文会友,以友辅仁。”
【白话】
曾子说:“君子以学问交朋友,靠朋友帮助来提高自身素质。”
【英译】
Zeng Ztu said: “Gentlemen make friends with knowledge and better their own qualities with the help of friends.”
子路篇第十三
【原文】
13·1 子路问政。子曰:“先之劳之(1)。”请益(2)。曰:“无倦(3)。”
【注释】
(1)先之劳之:先,引导,先导,即教化。之,指老百姓。
(2)益:请求增加。
(3)无倦:不厌倦,不松懈。
【白话】
子路问怎么理政。孔子说:“身先士卒,激励他人勤奋。”子路请多讲一点。孔子说:“不要懈怠。”
【英译】
Ztu Lu asked the way to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Go ahead of your men and encourage others to be diligent. Ztu Lu asked his master to say more. Confucius said: “Don’t be slacking.”
As a manager of Ji, Zhong Gong asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Let each subordinate of yours take charge of his own job, bear with miner faults and promote talents.” Zhong Gong asked: “How to know who is a real talent?” Confucius said: “Promote whoever you know. As to the talents you don’t know, surely it doesn’t mean that they will be stifled.”
Ztu Lu aske Confucius: “If the lord of the country Wei is waiting for you to help him manage political affairs, what will you set about?” Confucius said: “I’ll make everything fully justified first.” Ztu Lu said: “Is it? I think you’re a bit too pedantic. What’s the use to make things full justified first?” Confucius said: “But your idea is rather superficial. General speaking, as for what they don’t understand, gentlemen usually reserve their views. If you don’t make things fully justified first, what you say will be unreasonable. If so, you’ll accomplish nothing. If so, you’ll be unable to make laws take root in the heart of the people. If so, penalty will be unfair. And if so, the people won’t know what to do. So, whatever they do, gentlemen must make them reasonable. And whatever they say, they make them workable. When speaking, gentlemen mustn’t be careless.”
Fan Chi asked Confucius how to grow crops. Confucius said: “I’m not so good as farmers.” Fan Chi asked how to grown vegetable. Confucius said: “I’m inferior to gardeners.” Fan Chi left and Confucius said: “Fan Chi is really as short-sighted as mice. So long as the leaders observe law and discipline, the people won’t dare not to stand in awe of them. So long as the leaders stand for justice, the people won’t dare not to follow you. So long as the leaders pay much attention to honesty, people won’t dare not to treat you wholeheartedly. If so, the people will come to you from far and near supporting the old and carrying the young. What’s the need for them to till land?”
Confucius said: “If someone is asked to manage government affairs but he cannot do it, if he is asked to deal with social activity but he cannot accomplish the task alone, then what’s the use even if he can skillfully recite the 300 poems of 《The Book of Odes》?”
【原文】
13·6 子曰:“其身正,不令而行;其身不正,虽令不从。”
【白话】
孔子说:“自身正了,即使不发布命令,老百姓也会去干,自身不正,即使发布命令,老百姓也不会服从。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “So long as the leaders behave well, the people will follow you even if no orders are issued.
Otherwise, the people won’t follow you even if orders are given.”
Talking about Jing, prince of the country Wei, Confucius said: “He’s good at managing family money matters. When there is a little bit of money at the beginning, he would say: ‘That’s enough.’ When there is a little bit more, he would say: ‘There is more money.’ When there is much money, he would say: ‘It’s nearly perfect.’”
Confucius went to the country Wei. Ran you drove the cart for him. Confucius said: “There are so many people!” Ran You said: “This country has enough people. What else has to be done?” Confucius said: “Make them rich.” Ran You said: “What else has to be done after getting rich?” Confucius said: “Make them educated.”
【原文】
13·10 子曰:“苟有用我者,期月(1)而已可也,三年有成。”
【注释】
(1)期月:一周年。期,读“鸡”。
【白话】
孔子说:“如果有人启用我,一年初见成效,三年大见成效。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If someone starts using me, initial success will be won and a marked effect will be won.”
【原文】
13·11 子曰:“善人为邦百年,亦可以胜残去杀矣。诚哉是言也!”
【白话】
孔子说:“能人治理国家,经过一百年,也就可以战胜残暴,免除杀戮了。这话真对呀!”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If a country is administered by capable men, it’ll spend a hundred years to surmount brutality and avoid killing. What wonderful remarks!”
【原文】
13·12 子曰:“如有王者,必世(1)而后仁。”
【注释】
(1)世:三十年。
【白话】
孔子说:“即便有王者出现,也一定要三十年才能实现仁政。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Thirty years are needed to realize administration by policy of benevolence even if a king turns up.”
【原文】
13·13 子曰:“苟正其身矣,于从政乎何有?不能正其身,如正人何?”
【白话】
孔子说:“如果端正了自身行为,管理政事还有什么困难呢?如果不能端正自身行为,怎能使别人端正呢?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “What sorts of difficulties will crop up if you behave well? How can you ask others to behave well if you cannot set right your behavior?”
Ran Ztu came back from the court. Confucius said: “Why are you so late?” Ran Qiu said: “We had government affairs to manage.” Confucius said: “I think they must be personal affairs. If they are government affairs, I’ll know even if the lord has no longer assigned me to any posts.”
Mr. Ding, the lord of the country Lu, asked: “Only one single word can make a country flourishing. Are there any words like this?” Confucius said: “Although we cannot say this way, yet there are similar words. People say: ‘It’s hard to be a lord and it’s not easy to be a courtier.’ If the lord knows the difficulty to be a lord, isn’t it similar to the words - Only one single word can make a country flourishing?” Mr. Ding said: “Only one single word can make a country destroyed. Are there any words like this?” Confucius said: “Although we cannot say this way, yet there are similar words. Some lords say: ‘My pleasure doesn’t lie in being a lord but lie in that no one dare disobey my words.’ If their words are correct, it’s not so bad. Yet, if their words are wrong but no one dare resist, isn’t similar to the words - Only one single word can make a country destroyed?”
【原文】
13·16 叶公问政。子曰:“近者悦,远者来。”
【白话】
叶公问孔子怎样理政。孔子说:“使近处的人高兴,使远处的人来归顺。”
【英译】
Mr. Ye asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Make the people nearby happy and make the people far away come and give allegiance to you.”
As a manager in Ju Fu, Ztu Xia asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Do not pursue speed only; do not seek small gains. If you pursue speed only, usually you cannot attain your objective. If you seek small gains, then you cannot do great things.”
Mr. Ye said to Confucius: “There is an honest man in my hometown. His father stole a goat and he informed against his father.” Confucius said: “The honest men in my hometown are different to the ones in your hometown. Fathers conceal sons’ mistakes and vice versa. The secrets of honesty are right here.”
Fan Chi asked about humanity. Confucius said: “Behave yourself properly at home and outside do things carefully and treat people honestly. You mustn’t abandon these principles even you go abroad.”
Ztu Gong asked: “How can I be a man of integrity?” Confucius said: “You should have a sense of shame when you do something. You should accomplish your mission when you go abroad for state visit. By doing this way, you can be a man of integrity.” Ztu Gong asked: “How about a man of second rank?” Confucius said: “Clansmen praise him for his filial devotion to his parents and respect for his teachers.” Ztu Gong asked: “How about the next rank?” Confucius said: “Put words into deeds. Stubbornly hold to one’s own opinion without asking right or wrong. They are naturally narrow-minded vulgarians. If they can be considered men of integrity, naturally they should be the last rank.” Zut Gong asked: “How about today’s officials? Confucius said: “Oh, these narrow-minded persons! How can they be considered men of integrity?”
Confucius said: “I cannot find and associate with persons who worship the doctrine of the mean. Therefore I have to associate with frantic persons and cowards. Frantic person dare to do, but cowards often shrink back. There are something they don’t want to do.”
Confucius said: “The southerners have a common saying: ‘Without being perseverant, no one can be a witch doctor.’ What a wonderful remark! But there’s a saying in 《Yi Books》: ‘Unable to keep standards of virtue, one will be subjected to humiliation.’ These words tell us that without being perseverant, one is doomed to get nowhere. It’s no use even if he resorts to fortune-telling.”
【原文】
13·23 子曰:“君子和(1)而不同(2),小人同而不和。”
【注释】
(1)和:不同事物和谐配合。
(2)同:相同事物相加或与人相混同,叫做同。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子和睦相处而不同流合污,小人同流合污而不能和睦相处。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen live in harmony with others but don’t wallow in the mire with others. Yet vulgarians do exactly the opposite.”
Ztu Gong asked: “As for a person, if all people in the town love him, how about him?” Confucius said: “It’s hard to say.” Ztu Gong asked: “As far as a person is concerned, if all people in the town detest him, how about him?” Confucius said: “It’s hard to say. I think the best person is a one who is loved by all good people in the town and detested by all bad people in the town.”
Confucius said: “It’s easy to manage affairs for gentlemen, but it’s hard to make them happy. If you want to make them happy in crooked ways, they cannot be happy. But they employ persons according to their ability. It’s hard to manage affairs for vulgarians, but it’s easy to make them happy. If you want to make them happy in crooked way, they can be happy. But when they employ persons, they demand perfection.”
【原文】
13·26 子曰:“君子泰而不骄,小人骄而不泰。”
【白话】
孔子说:“君子坦然而不傲慢,小人傲慢而不坦然。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are calm but not arrogant, yet vulgarians are arrogant but not calm.”
【原文】
13·27 子曰:“刚、毅、木、讷(1)近仁。”
【注释】
(1) 讷:说话简洁。
【白话】
孔子说:“刚强、果敢、朴实、寡言,这四种品德接近仁。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Resolution, braveness, honesty and taciturnity. These four fine qualities are near humanity.”
Ztu Lu asked: “How to become a man of integrity?” Confucius said: “Honestly encourage others and live in amity with others. This sort of persons can be considered men of integrity.”
【原文】
13·29 子曰:“善人(1)教民七年,亦可以即戎(2)矣。”
【白话】
孔子说:“如果是能人,他教练百姓七年,也可以叫他们去从军了。”
【译注】
(1) 善人:好人。这里指善于做某事的人。即“能人”。
(2) 戎:军事,军队。即戎,从军。
【英译】
Confucius said: “So long as people are trained by a capable man, it only spends seven years that they can join the army.”
【原文】
13·30 子曰:“以不教民战,是谓弃之。”
【白话】
孔子说:“如果不训练百姓作战,这就意味着抛弃他们。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Not to train people to fight means to abandon them.”
Yuan Xian asked about shame. Confucius said: “When there is a great order across the land, you can be an official. Yet if you still want to be an official when there is a disorder under heaven, you are shameful.” He asked once more: “Loving to excel others, self-praising, resentment, greediness, if a person doesn’t have any of these shortcomings, can it be said that his quality is up to the standards of humanity?” Confucius said: “It’s rare for a person to be up to this standard. But I don’t know whether this can be considered humanity or not.”
【原文】
14·2 子曰:“士而怀居(1),不足以为士矣。”
【注释】
(1)怀居:怀,留恋。居,家居。指恋家。
【白话】
孔子说:“士如果恋家,就不配做士了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If a gentleman is reluctant to leave home, he cannot be a gentleman.”
【原文】
14·3 子曰:“邦有道,危(1)言危行;邦无道,危行言孙(2)。”
【注释】
(1)危:直,正直。
(2)孙:音义皆同“逊”。
【白话】
孔子说:“处于治世,要正言正行;处于乱世,还要正直,但说话要谦和。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “In case of great order across the land, your action and words should be honest, while in case of disorder under heaven, your action and words should still be honest, yet you should be modest and amiable.”
Confucius said: “A person with fine characters must necessarily have fine words, yet the one with fine words is not necessarily of fine characters. A person with feelings of humanity must be brave, yet a brave person is not necessarily be of feelings of humanity.”
Nangong Shi asked Confucius: “Yi was good at arrow-shooting, and Ao was good at fighting in water. Yet neither of them died a worthy death. Yu and Ji were engaged in farming but they successfully seized state power.” Confucius didn’t reply. After Nangong Shi left, Confucius said: “He is really a gentleman! He worships virtues indeed.”
【原文】
14·6 子曰:“君子而不仁者有矣夫,未有小人而仁者也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“只有不仁德的君子,没有仁德的小人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “There are only gentlemen without feelings of humanity, but no vulgarians with feelings of humanity.”
【原文】
14·7 子曰:“爱之,能勿劳乎?忠焉,能勿诲乎?”
【白话】
孔子说:“爱一个人,你能不为他操劳吗?忠于一个人,你能不教诲他吗?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If you love a person, is it possible for you not to work hard for him? If you are honest to a person, is it possible for you not to instruct him?”
When issuing official documents, the common procedure is like this: Bi Chen made a draft; Shi Shu put forward his proposals; Ztu Yu, official in charge of foreign affairs, proposed amendments and addenda; and Ztu Chan did the final polishing up.
Someone asked about Ztu Chan. Confucius said: “This man is really of integrity.” This man asked about Ztu Xi. Confucius said: “That guy! That guy!” That man asked about Guan Zhong. Confucius said: “He is really of ability. He deprived Bo family of their feoff but he never claimed credit for himself and became conceited. He had long been living a hard life without any complains till the end of his life.”
【原文】
14·10 子曰:“贫而无怨难,富而无骄易。”
【白话】
孔子说:“贫穷而能够没有怨恨是很难做到的,富裕而不骄傲是容易做到的。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “It’s difficult for a person to be poor but bear no resentment. It’s easy for a person to be rich but not to be arrogant.
【原文】
14·11 子曰:“孟公绰(1)为赵魏老(2)则优(3),不可以为滕薛(4)大夫。”
【注释】
(1)孟公绰:鲁国大夫,属于孟孙氏家族。
(2)老:这里指古代大夫的家臣。
(3)优:有余。
(4)滕薛:滕,诸侯国,在今山东滕县。薛,诸侯国,在今山东滕县东南。
【白话】
孔子说:“孟公绰做赵魏两家的家臣,是才力有余的,但不能做滕薛两国的大夫。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “It’s more than enough for Meng Gongchuo to be a manager in the two families of Zhao and Wei, but it’s not advisable for him to be a minister in the two countries of Teng and Xue.”
Ztu Lu asked how can be a perfect man. Confucius said: “A person of the wisdom of Zang Wuchong, the restraint of Meng Gongchuo, the courage of Bian Zhuangztu and the skills of Ran Qiu has a good comprehension of proprieties and music he can be considered a perfect man.” Confucius said again: “But the present perfect men don’t need to act this way. So long as they can remember justice when facing benefits, can act regardless of his safety when facing danger, can remember his previous promises when having long been in dire necessity, they can be considered perfect men.”
Confucius asked Gongming Gu about Gongshu Wenztu: “He doesn’t speak, doesn’t smile and doesn’t take anything. Really?” Gongming Gu said: “Whoever told you this carried it too far. He speaks only when necessary, smiles only when happy and take something only when he should so that people don’t detest him.” Confucius said: “Is it like this? Is it really like this?”
Confucius said: “Zang Wuchong wanted to withdraw from his fief and then took it as a condition for him to ask the lord of the country Lu to establish social position for the future generations of Zang family. Some people didn’t consider his action as putting pressure on the lord of the country Lu. But I don’t believe.”
Ztu Lu said: “Huan Gong killed his brother Gongztu Jiu, Zhao Hu died a martyr, but Guan Zhong didn’t commit suicide. Guan Zhong should not be considered a man of humanity, should he?” Confucius said: “Huan Gong called dukes and princes under his regime to handle problems according to the principle of reaching unanimity through consultation instead of arms. It was well done only because Guan Zhong had secretly exerted his efforts. This is the humanity of Guan Zhong. This is the humanity of Guan Zhong.”
Ztu Gong asked: “Guan Zhong should not be considered a man of humanity, should he? Huan Gong killed his own brother Gongztu Jiu. He didn’t sacrifice his life for Gongztu Jiu and worse of all he became Huan Gong’s premier instead.” Confucius said: “Guan Zhong helped Huan Gong unify the whole country by lording it over dukes and princes under his regime. It is only because of this that our people are still enjoying his favor even now. If without Guan Zhong, I’m afraid we are still suffering from foreign invasion.
So, how can we ask Guan Zhong to commit suicide secretly in the wild just like an ordinary people who rigidly adheres to trivial matters only?”
【原文】
14·18 公叔文子之臣大夫僎(1)与文子同升诸公(2)。子闻之,曰:“可以为文矣。”
【注释】
(1)僎:读“寻”,人名。公叔文子的家臣。
(2)升诸公:公,公室。这是说僎由家臣升为大夫,与公叔文子同位。
【白话】
公叔文子推荐一个佣人做了大夫,与他平起平坐。孔子说:“公叔文子可以称为‘文’了。”
【英译】
Gongshu Wenztu recommended his manager to be a minister who was on an equal footing with him. Heard this, Confucius said: “Gongshu Wenztu can be considered a gentleman.”
Confucius talked about Wei Ling Gong’s incompetence. Ji Kangztu said: “Why could he avert collapse now that the case was like this?” Confucius said: “He had Zhongshu Yu in charge of guest-reception, Zhu Tuo in charge of sacrifice affairs and Wangsun Gu in charge of military. In this case, how could he collapse?”
14·20 子曰:“其言之不怍(1),则为之也难。”
【注释】
(1)怍:读“做”,惭愧的意思。
【白话】
孔子说:“说话大言不惭,兑现诺言就难了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If a man boast without shame, it’s hard for him to keep him promise.”
Chen Chengztu killed Qi Jian Gong. After bath, Confucius had an audience with the lord of Ju Ai Gong and make a report: “Chen Heng killed his lord. Please send out troops to suppress him.” Ai Gong said: “Make a report to the three ministers.” Confucius said: “I was once a minister so I don’t dare not to make a report to you. But you should say ‘make a report to the three ministers’!” Confucius had to make a report to these three ministers but they didn’t agree to send out troops to suppress Chen Heng. Confucius said: “I was once a minister so I don’t dare not to make a report to you.”
【原文】
14·22 子路问事君。子曰:“勿欺也,而犯之。”
【白话】
子路问怎样事奉君主。孔子说:“不能欺骗他,但可以犯颜直谏。”
【英译】
Ztu Lu asked how to serve a lord. Confucius said: “You can’t cheat him but you can advise him outspokenly without worrying that you may angry him.”
【原文】
14·23 子曰:“君子上达,小人下达。”
【注释】 上达:追求高尚。下达:追求庸俗。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子追求高尚,小人追求庸俗。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen seek noble things but vulgarians seek vulgar thing.”
【原文】
14·24 子曰:“古之学者为己,今之学者为人。”
【白话】
孔子说:“古人学习是为提高自己,而今人学习是为作秀。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Ancient people study for enhance themselves but present people study for show.”
Qu Boyu sent an envoy to visit Confucius. Confucius let the envoy sit down and asked: “What has Mr. Que been doing?” The envoy replied: “He wants to reduce his mistakes, but he failed.” The envoy left and Confucius said: “What a nice envoy! What a nice envoy!”
Confucius said: “Without being in the position, just don’t think anything related to the position.” Zeng Ztu said: “Whenever considering something, a gentleman never oversteps his authority.”
【原文】
14·27 子曰:“君子耻其言而过其行。”
【白话】
孔子说:“君子认为说到但没做到是可耻的。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen think it shameful to say something but do nothing.”
Confucius said: “Gentlemen’s doctrines include three points which I have realized: a man of humanity never worries anything; a wise man is never perplexed; a brave man never fears anything.” Ztu Gong said: “This is just a self-explanation of yours.”
【原文】
14·29 子贡方人(1)。子曰:“赐也贤乎哉(2)?夫我则不暇。”
【注释】
(1)方人:评论、诽谤别人。
(2)赐也贤乎哉:疑问语气,批评子贡不贤。
【白话】
子贡评论别人的短处。孔子说:“赐啊,你真的就那么贤良吗?我可没有闲工夫去评论别人。”
【英译】
Ztu Gong commented others’ shortcomings. Confucius said: “Ci, are you really nice enough? I have no time to comment others.”
【原文】
14·30 子曰:“不患人之不己知,患其不能也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“不怕别人不了解自己,只怕自己没本事。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Don’t be afraid that no one understands you. The only thing we should worry about is that you are not capable.”
【原文】
14·31 子曰:“不逆诈(1),不亿(2)不信,抑亦先觉者,是贤乎!”
【注释】
(1)逆:迎。预先猜测。
(2)亿:同“臆”,主观地。例如“臆测”,主观猜测。 此处“臆”即代“臆测”。
【白话】
孔子说:“对于别人的欺诈和谎言,不是凭事先的怀疑和猜测,而是靠事先的觉察来知道的人,这才是贤人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Some people know others’ cheat and lie by detecting but not by suspecting and guessing. The sort of people can be considered worthy persons.
Wei Shengmu said to Confucius: “Kong Qiu, why are you so busy running about and peddling your ideas? You just want to show off your eloquence, do you?” Confucius said: “I don’t want to show off my eloquence. The reason for me to do this is that I hate the social inveterate illness.”
【原文】
14·33 子曰:“骥(1)不称其力,称其德也。”
【注释】
(1)骥:千里马。古代称善跑的马为骥。
【白话】
孔子说:“千里马,人们称赞的不是它的气力,而是它的品德。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “As for winged-steeds, what people praise is not their strength but their morality.”
Someone asked: “Return good for evil. Is that O.K.?” Confucius said: “If according to your point of view, what we should return for good? I think that we should return honesty for evil, return good for good.”
Confucius said: “No one knows me well!” Ztu Gong said: “How can you say no one knows you well?” Confucius said: “I’ve learned some ordinary knowledge and have understood some profound truth.”
Gongbo Liao spoke ill of Ztu Lu to Ji Sun. Ztufu Jingbo told this matter to Confucius and said: “Ji Sun has been misled by Gongbo Liao’s slander. I have the ability to kill him and make his body displayed in the street.” Confucius said: “If a just cause can be carried out, it depends on luck; if it cannot be carried out, it also depends on luck. How can Gongbo Liao do anything about luck?”
Confucius said: “People of integrity escape from four aspects including dark society, turbulent area, despising eyes, and vicious slanders.” Confucius said again: “There have already been seven people who can do this.”
Ztu Lu stayed overnight at Stone Door. The door-man asked: “Where are you from?” Ztu Lu said: “From Confucius.” The door-man said: “Is that the man who clearly knows he cannot do but just do it?”
Staying in the country Wei, Confucius once struck chime stone. A man with a basket on his back passed his door and said: “The chime stone striker really sets his mind on it!” But after a while he said: “This sound is really vulgar, isn’t it? It doesn’t matter that no one can understand you. So long as you can maintain personal integrity during chaotic times, it’s all right. This is just like crossing a river. If the water is deep, you just wade across it with your clothing on. And if shallow, you just wade across it with your hand holding up the hem of your jacket.” Confucius said: “What he said is really straightforward. I cannot blame him for anything.”
Ztu Zhang said: “《The Book Shang Shu》said: ‘In Shang Dynasty, the lord Gao Zong did nothing about government affairs for three years during funeral period.’ What does it mean?” Confucius said: “No only Gao Zong, but all ancient people faithfully adhered to this principle. If a lord died, all officials obeyed orders by the premier and stayed at their respective posts.”
【原文】
14·41 子曰:“上好礼,则民易使也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“领导者尊崇道德规范,群众就容易指挥。
【英译】
Confucius said: “If leaders worship moral standards, the masses are easy to lead.”
Ztu Lu asked about gentlemen. Confucius said: “Raise your own moral level and keep a respectful and attentive attitude at any time and anywhere.” Ztu Lu said: “Is this enough?” Confucius said: “Raise your own moral level and make others to live easily and comfortably.” Ztu Lu asked: “Is this enough?” Confucius said: “Raise your own moral level and make the masses to live and work in peace. Raise your own moral level and make the masses live and work in peace. It’s too difficult even for Yao and Shun to come up to this standard, isn’t it?”
With his legs stretching casually, Yuan Rang was waiting for Confucius. Confucius scolded him: “When you were young, you showed no civility to anyone. When you became a grown man, you had nothing accomplished. When you are old now, you don’t die. What a pest you are!”
A boy in Que Li came to sent words to Confucius. Someone asked Confucius: “Is this a boy who seeks to make progress?” Confucius said: “I saw him sitting and walking together with elders. He is not a boy who seeks to make progress, but a one who is impatient for success.”
Ling Gong, the lord of the country Wei, asked Confucius about battle array. Confucius replied: “As for sacrificial rites, I’ve heard something but I’ve never learned anything about troops commanding and battle fighting.” Confucius left the country Wei the next day.
When Confucius and his students had run out of food in the country Chen, his students were too hungry to walk. Ztu Lu complained: “Could it be said that gentlemen also have days when they are poverty-stricken and frustrated?” Confucius said: “Sometimes gentlemen may be very poor but they can hold to their high aspirations in spite of poverty. Yet once vulgarians become poor, they will abandon themselves to despair.”
Confucius said: “Ztu Gong, do you think that I can remember what I’ve learnt just because I’ve studied more?” Ztu Gong replied: “Yes I do. But could it be said that it isn’t like this?” Confucius said: “No. It is because that so long as I’ve learnt something I would put it into practice from beginning to end.”
【原文】
15·4 子曰:“由!知德者鲜矣。”
【白话】
孔子说:“由啊!懂得德的人太少了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “You, there are too little people who can well comprehend virtue.”
Confucius said: “Probably it’s only the lord Shun who can well govern his country by doing nothing, isn’t it? What did he do? The only thing he did was to sit solemnly and uprightly in his throne.”
Ztu Zhang asked Confucius about proper behavior. Confucius said: “What is said must be done and what is done must be honest. So long as you follow this principle, all business of yours will be fine even if you go to remote areas. Or nothing of yours will be going smoothly even in your hometown, won’t it? When you stand, the word ‘honesty’ seems to clearly appear in front of you; while you sit in a cart, this word seems to be carved on the shaft. If so, all your business will be doing well.” Hearing this, Ztu Zhang put these words on his waist belt.
Confucius said: “How honesty Shi Yu was! When a healthy political atmosphere prevailed in his country, he was upright as an arrow and when an unhealthy political atmosphere prevailed in his country, he was also upright as an arrow. What a gentleman Ju Boyubo was! When a healthy political trend prevailed in his country he came out to be an official but when an unhealthy political trend prevailed in his country he secluded him from society.”
Confucius said: “If you can speak to a person but you don’t do it then you will lose a friend; yet if you cannot speak to a person but you do it, then you will make a mistake. As for a man of wisdom, he neither loses friends nor makes mistakes.”
【原文】
15·9 子曰:“志士仁人,无求生以害仁,有杀身以成仁。”
【白话】
孔子说:“志士仁人,没有贪生怕死而损害仁的,只有牺牲自己的性命来追求仁的。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “There is no person of integrity who clings to life and fears death so that to harm humanity. There are only persons of integrity who are willing to die for a just cause.”
Ztu Gong asked about humanity. Confucius said: “If a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first. Living in this country, you must follow the persons of integrity among scholar-bureaucrats and associate with the persons of humanity among intellectuals.”
Yan Yuan asked how to govern a country. Confucius said: “Use Xia Dynasty’s calendar, take Yin Dynasty’s carts, wear Zhou Dynasty’ hats, play Shao music, forbid music of the country Zhen, to be estranged from persons with glib tongues. The music of the country Zhen is decadent and vulgarians are too dangerous.”
【原文】
15·12 子曰:“人无远虑,必有近忧。”
【白话】
孔子说:“人没有长远的考虑,一定会有眼前的忧患。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “One has no foresight will have to face imminent dangers.”
【原文】
15·13 子曰:“已矣乎!吾未见好德如好色者也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“这个社会完了! 我没见过喜欢美德如同喜欢美色的人。
【英译】
Confucius said: “This society is finished! I’ve never seen a man who loves morality as much as he loves sex.”
Confucius said: “Zang Wenzhong was a person who unjustly occupied a high position, isn’t he? He knew well that Liu Xiahui was a person of integrity but he refused to recommend him as a higher official.”
【原文】
15·15 子曰:“躬自厚而薄责于人,则远怨矣。”
【白话】
孔子说:“责己从严,责人从宽,就可避免别人的怨恨了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “So long as you are strict with yourself and lenient to others you can stay far away from resentment.”
【原文】
15·16 子曰:“不曰‘如之何(1),如之何’者,吾末(2)如之何也已矣。”
【注释】
(1)如之何:怎么办。
(2)末:没有办法。
【白话】
孔子说:“有事从来不说‘怎么办,怎么办’的人,我对他也不知怎么办。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Some people always say ‘What can I do? What can I do?’ when they have something to do. To these people, I also don’t know ‘What can I do’.”
【原文】
15·17 子曰:“群居终日,言不及义,好行小慧,难矣哉!”
【白话】
孔子说:“整天聚在一块,张开嘴也不知在说什么,专好卖弄小聪明,调教这种人可真难啊。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Some people like to gather, but their words fail to convey their idea and worse of all, they like to show off their cleverness. It’s rather difficult to discipline them.”
【原文】
15·18 子曰:“君子义以为质,礼以行之,孙以出之,信以成之。君子哉!”
【白话】
孔子说:“崇尚道义、遵纪守法、说话谦逊、做事守信。达到这样的标准就是君子了!”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Uphold justice, observe discipline and abide by the law, speak modestly, be trustworthy in word and resolute in deed. Anyone up to this standard is a gentleman!”
【原文】
15·19 子曰:“君子病无能焉,不病人之不己知也。”
【注释】
(1) 病:,担心,怕。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子只怕自己没有才能,不怕别人不知道自己。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “A gentleman is only afraid he isn’t capable but don’t be afraid no one well knows him.”
【原文】
15·20 子曰:“君子疾没世(1)而名不称焉。”
【注释】
(1)没世:死亡之后。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子担心死亡以后他的名字不为人们所称赞。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are afraid that their names will not be praised after their death.”
【原文】
15·21 子曰:“君子求诸己,小人求诸人。”
【白话】
孔子说:“君子求之于自己,小人求之于别人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen ask for help from their own, while vulgarians from others.”
【原文】
15·22 子曰:“君子矜(1)而不争,群而不党。”
【注释】
(1)矜:读“进”,庄重的意思。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子举止庄重,与世无争;团结他人,却不结党营私。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen bear themselves dignifiedly and get into no dispute with others; they unite with others but don’t form cliques to pursue selfish interests.”
【原文】
15·23 子曰:“君子不以言举人,不以人废言。”
【白话】
孔子说:“君子不会因为某人的花言巧语而举荐他,也不会因为某人品德不好而不采纳他的正确意见。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen neither recommend anyone because of his sweet words nor refuse anyone’s reasonable suggestions because of his bad character.”
Ztu Gong asked: “Is there any one single word which we can follow the whole life?” Confucius said: “That’s the word ‘forgive’! Do not do to others what you would not have them do to you.”
Confucius said: “As for others, is there anyone I once defamed? Is there anyone I once praised? If there is anyone I once praised, he must be the one I once put to my test. All people in the three dynasties of Xia, Shang and Zhou behaved like this so they could be fair and square in handling affairs.”
【原文】
15·26 子曰:“吾犹及史之阙文(1)也,有马者借人乘之,今亡矣夫。”
【注释】
(1)阙文:阙,读“缺”,基本的意思是“缺少”。史官记史遇到疑难不决的问题便缺而不记,叫阙文。
【白话】
孔子说:“我还能够看到史书里有存疑不记的地方,有马的人借给别人用,这种情况,现如今早已不存在啦。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I can still find historic books lack something because of outstanding questions. Some people have horses but they’re willing to lend them to others. This sort of case doesn’t exist any longer.”
【原文】
15·27 子曰:“巧言乱德。小不忍则乱大谋。”
【白话】
孔子说:“花言巧语能败坏道德,小事不忍,就会耽误大事。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Honeyed words can make people demoralized. If a person cannot restrain himself when handling small things, he will spoil great things.”
【原文】
15·28 子曰:“众恶之,必察焉;众好之,必察焉。”
【白话】
孔子说:“众人都厌恶的,我必须考察一下;众人都喜欢的,我也必须考察一下。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I must investigate whatever people like and I must investigate whatever people dislike too.”
【原文】
15·29 子曰:“人能弘道,非道弘人。”
【白话】
孔子说:“是人能使道发扬光大,不是道使人增加才干。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “It is human that carry forward and further develop Dao but it is not Dao that enhances people’s ability.”
【原文】
15·30 子曰:“过而不改,是谓过矣。”
【白话】
孔子说:“有错不改,这才真叫错呢。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If a person has made mistakes but he refuses to correct them, this is really a mistake.”
【原文】
15·31 子曰:“吾尝终日不食,终夜不寝,以思,无益,不如学也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“我曾经整天不吃饭,整夜不睡觉,思来想去,也没有用,还不如加紧学习呢。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I once ate nothing all day long and didn’t sleep through the night constantly thinking over and over again. Since it was useless I’d better make the best use of my time to study.”
Confucius said: “Gentlemen seek only strategy to govern a country but not way to eke out a living. Sometimes even farming cannot avoid hunger. But study can help a person win exalted position and handsome pay. Therefore gentlemen worry only about being unable to well master strategy of country-governing but not poverty.”
Confucius said: “You can win people by wisdom, but you cannot keep them only by humanity. Or else you will lose them though you have won them. Yet, if you cannot administer them seriously you still cannot win people’s respect even you can win people by wisdom and keep them by humanity. If you cannot mobilize them according to proprieties it cannot be thought perfect even you can win people by wisdom, keep them by humanity and administer them seriously.”
Confucius said: “Gentlemen cannot be appointed to minor assignments but can be commissioned major tasks; and vulgarians cannot be designated to major tasks but can be appointed to trifles.
Confucius said: “People need humanity more eagerly than need water and fire. I’ve seen people died after falling into water or fire but haven’t seen anybody who died because of showing humanity.”
【原文】
15·36 子曰:“当仁,不让于师。”
【白话】
孔子说:“在仁德的问题上,就是老师,也不同他谦让。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “As for the problem of humanity, we shouldn’t modestly yield precedence even to a teacher.”
【原文】
15·37 子曰:“君子贞(1)而不谅(2)。”
【注释】
(1)贞:大信。
(2)谅:小信。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子在大事上要讲信用,但小事上则可不必如此。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen must keep their promises about big things but unnecessary about trifles.”
【原文】
15·38 子曰:“事君,敬其事而后其食(1)。”
【注释】
(1)食:食禄,俸禄。
【白话】
孔子说:“事奉君主,要先把事情做好,然后再考虑报酬。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “When serving the lord, you must do a good job first and then consider reward.”
【原文】
15·39 子曰:“有教无类。”
【白话】
孔子说:“教育面前人人平等。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Everyone is equal in education.”
【原文】
15·40 子曰:“道不同,不相为谋。”
【白话】
孔子说:“主张不同,无话可说。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Have nothing to say to anyone who doesn’t share your opinions.”
【原文】
15·41 子曰:“辞达而已矣。”
【译文】
孔子说:“只要能把话说明白就行了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “So long as you can make yourself clear, that’s O.K.”
Musician Mian came to see Confucius. Stepping up to front of steps, Confucius said: “This is a step.” Coming to front of a mat seat, Confucius said: “This is a mat” After sitting down, Confucius said: “Mr. so and so sits here. Mr. so and so sits there.” After the musician left, Ztu Zhang asked Confucius: “This is the way you speak to musicians?” Confucius said: “This is the way to help musicians.”
Ji Shi was going to attack Zhuan Yu. Ran You and Ji Lu came to Confucius and said: “Ji Shi was going to make an assault on Zhuan Yu.” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu, is this your fault? Zhuan Yu was once the sponsor to offer sacrifices to Mount Dongmeng and it is located within the country Lu. Since it is a part of Lu, what’s the reason for him to attack it?” Ran You said: “It is Ji Shi that wants to attack Zhuan Yu but we two don’t agree with him.” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu, As an old saying goes: ‘Since you occupy a position, you should take the relative responsibilities. Or else, you should resign.’ When persons are in danger, you don’t show any support; when persons fall down, you don’t lend them a helping hand, then what’s the use to have assistants like you? Worse of all, what you said is wrong. If a she-rhinoceros runs out of a cage and a turtle-jade is destroyed within a box, then whose fault is it?” Ran You said: “Now Zhuan Yu enjoys strong city walls and is located very near to Fei City . If we don’t attack it now I’m afraid that endless troubles will be left over to our future generations.” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu, gentlemen hate people who don’t say they want to do something but try their best to justify their conduct instead. I heard that people who have their own countries and families are not afraid of lacking money but afraid of unequal, not afraid of poverty but afraid of unrest. The reason is that so long as there is equality there will not be poverty. If people live in amity with others they won’t feel the sparseness of population and if they live in peace they won’t meet with any dangers. Then you can solicit people from far away with humanity who refuses to give in. And you can pacify them after their arrival. As two assistants to Ji Shi now, yet you cannot solicit people from far away who refuse to give in. When your country is on the verge of collapse, you can do nothing to save it but instead you should want to resort to force. I’m afraid that the danger of Ji lies just in yourself but not in Zhuan Yu.”
Confucius said: “When there is a great order across the land, the real power lies surely in central authority; when there is a great disorder under heaven, the real power lies certainly in local authorities. When real power lies in authorities of provincial level, the great order across the land can be kept ten generations at most. If the real power lies in authorities of provincial level more than ten generations, nearly no countries can avoid being destroyed. If the real power lies in authorities of prefecture level, the great order across the land can be kept five generations at most. If the real power lies in authorities of prefecture lvel more than five generations, nearly no countries can avoid being destroyed. If the real power lies in authorities of county level, the great order can be kept three generations at most. If the real power lies in authorities of county level more than three generations, nearly no counties can avoid being destroyed. If there is a great order across the land, the real power certainly does not lie in local authorities. And if there is a great order under heaven, people do not complain their society at all. ”
Confucius said: “The central authority of the country Lu has lost its real power five generations. And the real power has fallen into the provincial authority four generations. Therefore the posterity of the three Heng’s families has fallen into decay.
Confucius said: “There are three categories of good friends and three categories of bad ones, too. It’s good for you to make friends with straightforward people, honest people and experienced and learned people. It’s harmful to make friends with people who take crooked ways, who fawn on others and who are smooth-tongued.”
Confucius said: “There are three sorts of helpful likings, and there are also three sorts of harmful likings. Liking to adjust oneself with proprieties and music, liking to praise others’ strong points, liking to make many friends with persons of integrity, they are helpful; liking to wallow in luxury and pleasure, liking to live in idleness, liking to be spendthrift in feasting are harmful.”
Confucius said: “When you keep a gentleman company, there are three faults you should pay attention to: speak when you shouldn’t, this is called ‘being impatient’; do not speak when you should do, this is called “concealing’; speak without adapting yourself to the look in his eyes, this is called ‘being blind’.”
Confucius said: “There are three bad habits for gentlemen to give up: when young, they are short of sap, so they must give up being addicted to sex; when grown up, they are full of sap, so they must give up fighting; when old, they are feeble in sap, so they must give up greed.”
Confucius said: “There are three things which gentlemen should highly esteem, namely, Mother Nature, VIP and words of sages. Vulgarians don’t understand law of nature and therefore they don’t highly esteem Mother Nature and VIP and don’t treat words of sages seriously either.”
Confucius said: “A man who is born with knowledge is grade A; a man knows something through study is grade B; a man who starts to study after meeting with difficulties is grade C; a man who refuses to study even after meeting with difficulties is grade D.”
Confucius said: “Gentlemen have nine things to consider about carefully: when looking, they should consider whether the see clearly; when listening, they should consider whether they hear clearly; when examining self-expression, they should consider whether it is mild and refined; when scrutinizing self-appearance, they should consider whether it is decorous; when speaking, they should consider whether they are honesty; when managing business, they should consider whether they are diligent; when doubting, they should consider whether they should seek advice; when being angry, they should consider whether there is any future trouble; when making profits, they should consider whether it is reasonable.”
Confucius said: “When seeing others doing good works, a man would feel that he is not so good as the good-work doers; when seeing others doing evil, a man would avoid them immediately as if he puts his hand into boiled water and draw out at once. I have seen this kind of people and also heard of this sort of words. A man keeps his ideals by living a secluded life and realizes his dreams by upholding justice. I have heard of this sort of words but have not seen this kind of people.”
Qi Jing Gong had 4,000 horses but people did not think he had any virtue worthy praising on the very day when he died. Bo Yi and Shu Qi died of hunger in Mt. Shouyang but they have long been being praised even up to now. What people like to talk about is probably this story, isn’t it?”
Chen Gang asked Boyu: “Have you heard any special instructions from our master?” Boyu replied: “No. One day, he was standing alone in the hall and I pass quickly. He said to me: ‘Have you studied 《The Book of Odes》?’ I replied: ‘No.’ He said: ‘If you don’t study 《The Book of Odes》, you won’t know how to speak.’ After turning back, I began to study《The Book of Odes》. Another day, he was standing alone in the hall and I pass quickly. He said to me: ‘Have you studied proprieties?’ I replied: ‘No.’ He said: ‘If you don’t study proprieties, you won’t know how to find a foothold in society.’ After turning back, I began to study proprieties. Only twice have I ever heard his instructions.” Back of home, Chen Gang was very happy and said: “I only asked one question but I learned three things: firstly, I heard of the function of 《The Book of Odes》; secondly, I heard of the function of proprieties; thirdly, I heard of a gentleman’s virtue about having no preference for his own son.”
As for the wife of a lord, the lord calls her madam, but the wife calls herself little kid; people call her the wife of the lord and before foreigners call her the little wife of the lord; and the foreigners call her the wife of the lord.
Yang Huo wanted to visit Confucius but Confucius refused. He gave Confucius a roasted sucking pig aiming to force Confucius to visit him expressing thanks. Confucius deliberately went to visit him when Yang Huo was out but unexpectedly he met with him on the way. Yang Huo said to Confucius: “Come on! I have something to talk with you.” Confucius stepped up and Yang Huo said: “You’re a man of ability but you live a secluded life and let the country suffer from a great disorder. Can it be called humanity?” Confucius said: “No.” Yang Huo said continuously: “You always want to do big things but you have missed chances again and again. Can it be called wisdom?” Confucius said: “No.” Yang Huo said: “Time passed day by day. Age doesn’t wait for anyone.” Confucius said: “All right. I’ll be out and seek a post then.”
【原文】
17·2 子曰:“性相近也,习相远也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“人的本性相近,但习惯却会相差很远。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “All people’s nature is nearly the same, but their habits can be quite different.”
【原文】
17·3 子曰:“唯上知与下愚不移。”
【白话】
孔子说:“只有上等的智者与下等的愚者是无法改变的。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “It is the wise men of upper class and the stupid men of grass-root class that cannot be changed.”
Confucius came to Wu Cheng City and heard the sound interspersed with singing and accompanied with plucked instruments. Smiling, Confucius said: “What’s the necessity to kill a chicken with a butcher’ knife for ox-killing?” Ztu You replied: “Before I once heard you say: ‘After learning proprieties and music, gentlemen will love people; after learning proprieties and music, vulgarians will be easily incited.’” Confucius said: “My dear student, what Yan Yan said is correct. And what I said just now is only for fun.”
Taking Fei County as a stronghold, Gongshan Furao rose in rebellion and invited Confucius. Confucius wanted to go. Ztu Lu said unhappily: “If there is nowhere for you to go, let it go at that. What’s the need to accept the invitation of Gongshan Furao?” Confucius said: “Could it be said that there is no reason for him to invite me? If someone wants to use me, surely it doesn’t mean that I cannot rebuild a new Zhou Dynasty in the east.”
Ztu Zhang asked Confucius about humanity. Confucius said: “If you can do five things then you can be considered man of humanity.” Ztu Zhang said: “What are they?” Confucius said: “Seriousness, generosity, honesty, diligence and kindness. Seriousness can help you avoid being insulted; generosity can help you win supports of the people; honesty can help you win important positions; diligence can help you to be crowned with success; kindness can help you properly use persons of talent.”
Bixi invited Confucius and he wanted to go. But Ztu Lu said: “I heard you said before: ‘Gentlemen don’t go to persons who do bad things personally.’ Now Bixi takes Zhong Mou as a stronghold and has risen in rebellion. But you want to go there. How can you explain it?” Confucius said: “Yes, I once said this. But do you know that hard thing cannot be worn out by rubbing and white thing cannot be blackened with dyestuff? Could it be said I’m a bitter gourd which can just be hung there but cannot be eaten?”
Confucius said: “Zhong You, have you ever heard of six virtues and six defects?” Zhong You said: “No.” Confucius said: “Sit down. Let me tell you. Lay stress on humanity but not on study, its defect is stupidity; lay stress on wisdom but not on study, its defect is loose; lay stress on honesty but not on study, its defect is misleading people; lay stress on straightforwardness but not on study, its defect is causticity; lay stress on braveness but not on study, its defect is to rise in revolt; lay stress on firmness and unyieldingness but not on study, its defect is franticness.”
Confucius said: “My students, why don’t you study 《The Book of Odes》?Through the study of 《The Book of Odes》, you can arouse delights of life, you can be broad-minded, you can get on well with others, you can express resentment. Near, you can well show filial devotion to your parents and far you can well serve the lord. Moreover, you can also learn some names of birds, animals, plants and trees.”
Confucius said to Bo Yu: “Have you learned 《Zhounan》and《Zhaonan》? If a man doesn’t learn《Zhounan》and《Zhaonan》, isn’t it like to sand facing a wall?”
【原文】
17·11 子曰:“礼云礼云,玉帛云乎哉?乐云乐云,钟鼓云乎哉?”
【白话】
孔子说:“礼呀礼呀,说的是玉帛吗?乐呀乐呀,说的是钟鼓吗?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gifts and gifts, do they mean jade and silk? Music and music, does it mean bell and drum?”
【原文】
17·12 子曰:“色厉而内荏(1),譬诸小人,其犹穿窬(2)之盗也与?”
【注释】
(1)色厉内荏:厉,威严,荏,读“忍”,虚弱。外表严厉而内心虚弱。
(2)窬:读“鱼”,洞。
【白话】
孔子说:“外表严厉而内心虚弱,用这句话比喻小人,就像是挖墙洞的盗贼吧?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “A fierce look covers a coward heart. If we use this sentence to draw an analogy to vulgarians, aren’t they like thieves who commit theft by boring holes in the wall?”
【原文】
17·13 子曰:“乡愿,德之贼也。”
【注释】
(1) 乡愿:老好人。
【白话】
孔子说:“老好人,就是破坏道德的人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Men of no principle are demoralized persons.”
【原文】
17·14 子曰:“道听而涂说,德之弃也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“路上听到就到处传播,这与道德背道而驰。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Hearsay runs counter to morality.”
Confucius said: “Can we work together with vulgarians at serving the lord? When they’ve got no official posts, they are always afraid of being unable to get. But when they’ve got one, they are afraid of losing it. If what they always worry about is just losing office posts, then there is nothing they cannot do.”
Confucius said: “The ancient people had three weak points but what the present people do is probably to make them intensified. What the ancient frantic persons did was only to show self-importance, but what the present frantic persons do is to lead a loose life; what the ancient arrogant persons did was only never to go back on their words, but what the present arrogant persons do is to be arbitrary and cruel; what the ancient stupid persons did was only to be straightforward, but what the present stupid persons do is to be sly and fraudulent.”
Confucius said: “I don’t want to say anymore.” Ztu Gong said: “If you don’t want to say anymore, then what can we students say?” Confucius said: “Has Heaven ever said anything? No. Yet even Heaven has said nothing, the four seasons move regularly and everything in the world grows as usual. Has Heaven said anything?”
【原文】
17·20 孺悲(1)欲见孔子,孔子辞以疾。将命者出户,取瑟而歌,使之闻之。
【注释】
(1)孺悲:鲁国人,鲁哀公曾派他向孔子学礼。
【白话】
孺悲想见孔子,孔子以有病为由推辞不见。传话的人刚出门,孔子就取出瑟边弹边唱,故意让孺悲听到。
【英译】
Ru Bei wanted to see Confucius but Confucius declined to see him on the pretext of illness. Yet as soon as the man who sent words walked out, taking out a Se ( a music instrument), Confucius sang as he played it. On purpose, he wanted to let Ru Bei hear it.”
Zai Wo said: “The three-year-funeral-period is too long. If gentlemen do not study proprieties three years, proprieties will be ruined; if gentlemen do not play music three years, music will be neglected. Old grain is run out, new one will come out. And the method of making fire by drilling wood should be changed. Therefore, one year is enough for a funeral-period.” Confucius said: “Only one year passed, you do begin eating rice and wearing silk. Do you feel quite at ease?” Zai Wo said: “Yes, I do.” Confucius said: “Since you feel quite at ease, you can do that way. During funeral period, gentlemen do not feel tasty when eating delicious food, do not feel happily when listening music, do not feel comfortable when living at home. So gentlemen do not do like that. Since you feel quite at ease, then you can do that way.” After Zai Wo left, Confucius said: “Zai Wo is really lack of humanity! After being born, a little baby does not leave his mother’s embrace until he is three years old. Keeping a three-year-funeral-period is the usual funeral propriety. Could it be said that Zai Wo have got no three-year-love at all from his parents?”
Confucius said: “It’s really too difficult to loaf through the day well-fed and taking nothing seriously! There is a chess game, isn’t there? Playing chess is much better than living in idleness.”
Ztu Lu asked: “Do gentlemen uphold braveness?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen consider justice as the best morality. If a gentleman is brave but doesn’t uphold justice, he will make troubles. If a vulagarin is brave but doesn’t uphold justice, he will commit theft.”
Ztu Gong asked: “Do gentlemen detest anyone?” Confucius said: “Yes, of course. They detest persons who publicize others’ weak points, detest persons who are in lower positions but defame persons in higher positions, detest persons who are brave but don’t pay attention to proprieties, detest persons who are stubborn but don’t make any exceptions.” Confucius said: “Ci, do you detest anyone?” Ztu Gong said: “Yes. I detest persons who plagiarize others’ works but praise themselves, detest persons who consider un-modesty as braveness, detest persons who take disclosing others’ faults as straightforwardness.”
【原文】
17·25 子曰:“唯女子与小人为难养也,近之则不孙,远之则怨。”
【白话】
孔子说:“只有女子和小人是最难对付的,亲近他们,他们就会无礼,疏远他们,他们就会报怨。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Women and vulgarians are the only ones who are difficult to be dealt. If you are on intimate terms with them, they will neglect proprieties. But if you keep them at a distance, they will complain.”
Yang Huo wanted to visit Confucius but Confucius refused. He gave Confucius a roasted sucking pig aiming to force Confucius to visit him expressing thanks. Confucius deliberately went to visit him when Yang Huo was out but unexpectedly he met with him on the way. Yang Huo said to Confucius: “Come on! I have something to talk with you.” Confucius stepped up and Yang Huo said: “You’re a man of ability but you live a secluded life and let the coutry suffer from a great disorder. Can it be called humanity?” Confucius said: “No.” Yang Huo said continuously: “You always want to do big things but you have missed chances again and again. Can it be called wisdom?” Confucius said: “No.” Yang Huo said: “Time passed day by day. Age doesn’t wait for anyone.” Confucius said: “All right. I’ll be out and seek a post then.”
【原文】
17·2 子曰:“性相近也,习相远也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“人的本性相近,但习惯却会相差很远。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “All people’s nature is nearly the same, but their habits can be quite differenct.”
【原文】
17·3 子曰:“唯上知与下愚不移。”
【白话】
孔子说:“只有上等的智者与下等的愚者是无法改变的。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “It is the wise men of upper class and the stupid men of grass-root class that cannot be changed.”
Confucius came to Wu Cheng City and heard the sound interspersed with singning and accompanied with plucked instruments. Smiling, Confucius said: “ What’s the necessacity to kill a chicken with a butcher’ knife for ox-killing?” Ztu You replied: “Before I once heard you say: ‘After learning propieties and music, gentlemen will love people; after learning propieties and music, vulgarians will be easily incited.’” Confucius said: “My dear student, what Yan Yan said is correct. And what I said just now is only for fun.”
Taking Fei County as a stronghold, Gongshan Furao rose in rebellion and invited Confucius. Confucius wanted to go. Ztu Lu said unhappily: “If there is nowhere for you to go, let it go at that. What’s the need to accept the invitation of Gongshan Furao?” Confucius said: “Could it be said that there is no reason for him to invite me? If someone wants to use me, surely it doesn’t mean that I cannot rebuild a new Zhou Dynasty in the east.”
Ztu Zhang asked Confucius about humanity. Confucius said: “If you can do five things then you can be considered man of humanity.” Ztu Zhang said: “What are they?” Confucius said: “Seriousness, generosity, honesty, diligence and kindness. Seriousness can help you avoid being insulted; generosity can help you win supports of the people; honesty can help you win important positions; diligence can help you to be crowned with success; kindness can help you properly use persons of talent.”
Bixi invited Confucius and he wanted to go. But Ztu Lu said: “I heard you said before: ‘Gentlemen don’t go to persons who do bad things personally.’ Now Bixi takes Zhong Mou as a stronghold and has risen in rebellion. But you want to go there. How can you explain it?” Confucius said: “Yes, I once said this. But do you know that hard thing cannot be worn out by rubbing and white thing cannot be blackened with dyestuff? Could it be said I’m a bitter gourd which can just be hung there but cannot be eaten?”
Confucius said: “Zhong You, have you ever heard of six virtues and six defects?” Zhong You said: “No.” Confucius said: “Sit down. Let me tell you. Lay stress on humanity but not on study, its defect is stupidity; lay stress on wisdom but not on study, its defect is loose; lay stress on honesty but not on study, its defect is misleading people; lay stress on straightforwardness but not on study, its defect is causticity; lay stress on braveness but not on study, its defect is to rise in revolt; lay stress on firmness and unyieldingness but not on study, its defect is franticness.”
Confucius said: “My students, why don’t you study 《The Book of Odes》?Through the study of 《The Book of Odes》, you can arouse delights of life, you can be broad-minded, you can get on well with others, you can express resentment. Near, you can well show filial devotion to your parents and far you can well serve the lord. Moreover, you can also learn some names of birds, animals, plants and trees.”
Confucius said to Bo Yu: “Have you learned 《Zhounan》and《Zhaonan》? If a man doesn’t learn《Zhounan》and《Zhaonan》, isn’t it like to sand facing a wall?”
【原文】
17·11 子曰:“礼云礼云,玉帛云乎哉?乐云乐云,钟鼓云乎哉?”
【白话】
孔子说:“礼呀礼呀,说的是玉帛吗?乐呀乐呀,说的是钟鼓吗?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gifts and gifts, do they mean jade and silk? Music and music, does it mean bell and drum?”
【原文】
17·12 子曰:“色厉而内荏(1),譬诸小人,其犹穿窬(2)之盗也与?”
【注释】
(1)色厉内荏:厉,威严,荏,读“忍”,虚弱。外表严厉而内心虚弱。
(2)窬:读“鱼”,洞。
【白话】
孔子说:“外表严厉而内心虚弱,用这句话比喻小人,就像是挖墙洞的盗贼吧?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “A fierce look covers a coward heart. If we use this sentence to draw an analogy to vulgarians, aren’t they like thieves who commit theft by boring holes in the wall?”
【原文】
17·13 子曰:“乡愿,德之贼也。”
【注释】
(1) 乡愿:老好人。
【白话】
孔子说:“老好人,就是破坏道德的人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Men of no principle are demoralized persons.”
【原文】
17·14 子曰:“道听而涂说,德之弃也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“路上听到就到处传播,这与道德背道而驰。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Hearsay runs counter to morality.”
Confucius said: “Can we work together with vulgarians at serving the lord? When they’ve got no official posts, they are always afraid of being unable to get. But when they’ve got one, they are afraid of losing it. If what they always worry about is just losing office posts, then there is nothing they cannot do.”
Confucius said: “The ancient people had three weakpoints but what the present people do is probably to make them intensified. What the ancient frantic persons did was only to show self-importantance, but what the present frantic persons do is to lead a loose life; what the ancient arrogant persons did was only never to go back on their words, but what the present arrogant persons do is to be arbitrary and cruel; what the ancient stupid persons did was only to be straightforward, but what the present stupid persons do is to be sly and fraudulent.”
Confucius said: “I don’t want to say anymore.” Ztu Gong said: “If you don’t want to say anymore, then what can we students say?” Confucius said: “Has Heaven ever said anything? No. Yet even Heaven has said nothing, the four seasons move regularly and everything in the world grows as uasual. Has Heaven said anything?”
【原文】
17·20 孺悲(1)欲见孔子,孔子辞以疾。将命者出户,取瑟而歌,使之闻之。
【注释】
(1)孺悲:鲁国人,鲁哀公曾派他向孔子学礼。
【白话】
孺悲想见孔子,孔子以有病为由推辞不见。传话的人刚出门,孔子就取出瑟边弹边唱,故意让孺悲听到。
【英译】
Ru Bei wanted to see Confucius but Confucius delined to see him on the pretext of illness. Yet as soon as the man who sent words walked out, taking out a Se ( a music instrument), Confucius sang as he played it. On purpose, he wanted to let Ru Bei hear it.”
Zai Wo said: “The three-year-funeral-period is too long. If gentlemen do not study proprieties three years, proprieties will be ruined; if gentlemen do not play music three years, music will be neglected. Old grain is run out, new one will come out. And the method of making fire by drilling wood should be changed. Therefore, one year is enough for a funeral-period.” Confucius said: “Only one year passed, you do begin eating rice and wearing silk. Do you feel quite at ease?”Zai Wo said: “Yes, I do.” Confucius said: “Since you feel quite at ease, you can do that way. During funeral period, gentlemen do not feel tasty when eating delicious food, do not feel happly when listening music, do not feel comfortable when living at home. So gentlemen do not do like that. Since you feel quite at ease, then you can do that way.” After Zai Wo left, Confucius said: “Zai Wo is really lack of humanity! After being born, a little baby does not leave his mother’s embrance until he is three years old. Keeping a three-year-funeral-period is the usual funeral propriety. Could it be said that Zai Wo have got no three-year-love at all from his parents?”
Confucius said: “It’s really too difficult to loaf through the day well-fed and taking nothing seriously! There is a chess game, isn’t there? Playing chess is much better than living in idleness.”
Ztu Lu asked: “Do gentlmen uphold braveness?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen consider justice as the best morality. If a gentleman is brave but doesn’t uphold justice, he will make troubles. If a vulagarin is brave but doesn’t uphold justice, he will commit theft.”
Ztu Gong asked: “Do gentlemen detest anyone?” Confucius said: “Yes, of course. They detest persons who publicize others’ weak points, detest persons who are in lower positions but defame persons in higher posions, detest persons who are brave but don’t pay attention to proprieties, detest persons who are stubbon but don’t make any exceptions.” Confucius said: “Ci, do you detest anyone?” Ztu Gong said: “Yes. I detest persons who plagiarize others’ works but praise themselves, detest persons who consider un-modesty as braveness, detest persons who take disclosing others’ faults as straightforwardness.”
【原文】
17·25 子曰:“唯女子与小人为难养也,近之则不孙,远之则怨。”
【白话】
孔子说:“只有女子和小人是最难对付的,亲近他们,他们就会无礼,疏远他们,他们就会报怨。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Women and vulgarians are the only ones who are difficult to be dealt. If you are on intimate terms with them, they will neglect proprieties. But if you keep them at a distance, they will complain.”
Confucius said: “If a person is still detested by others at the age of forty, then his whole life is over.”
微子篇第十八
【原文】
18·1 微子(1)去之,箕子(2)为之奴,比干(3)谏而死。孔子曰:“殷有三仁焉。”
【注释】
(1)微子:殷纣王的同母兄长,见纣王无道,劝他不听,遂离开纣王。
(2)箕子:箕,读“基”。殷纣王的叔父。他去劝纣王,纣王不听,便披发装疯,被降为奴隶。
(3)比干:殷纣王的叔父,屡次强谏,激怒纣王而被处以挖心的酷刑。
【白话】
微子离开纣王,箕子被降为奴隶,比干因苦谏被杀。孔子说:“他们殷朝的三位仁人啊!”
【英译】
Because of the same crime of admonition, Wei Ztu left the lord Zhou, Ji Ztu was degraded to a slave and Bi Gan was killed. Confucius said: “There are three persons of humanity in Yin Dynasty.”
As a judicial offer, Liu Xiahui was dismissed from his post three times. Someone asked him: “Can’t you leave the country Lu?” Liu Xiahui said: “If I serve the lord open and above-board, how can I find a good place for me to avoid being dismissed frequently? If I serve the lord by foul means, what’s the need for me to leave my motherland?”
Qi Jinggong said something about the way to treat Confucius: “I cannot treat him as the lord of the country Lu treated Ji. I can only treat him in a way between the ones I used to treat Ji and Meng.” He then added: “I’m too old to be useful.” Learning this, Confucius left the country Qi.
【原文】
18·4 齐人归(1)女乐(3),季桓子(3)受之,三日不朝。孔子行。
【注释】
(1)归:同馈,赠送。
(2) 女乐:歌女。
(3)季桓子:鲁国宰相季孙斯。
【白话】
齐国人向鲁国赠送歌女给,季桓子不仅接受,而且三天不上朝。得知此事,孔子离开了。
【英译】
Someone from the country Qi presented some dancing girls to the country Lu. Ji Hengztu not only accepted them but also refused to have an audience with the sovereign ruler. Learning this, Confucius left.
Passing by Confucius, Jie Yu, the madman of the country Chu was singing: “ Phoenix , phoenix! Why are you running into bad luck like this? Whatever passed away, you cannot retrieve it. But whatever comes later, you have the time to change it. Let it go, let it go. The present rulers are too dangerous!” Getting off his wagon, Confucius wanted to speak with him. But the mad man shunned him so that Confucius failed to talk with him.
Chang Zu and Jie Ni worked together in the fields. Passing by, Confucius let Ztu Lu ask the way. Chang Ju said: “For whom do you drive the cart?” Ztu Lu said: “For Confucius.” Chang Ju asked: “Is he the one of the country Lu?” Ztu Lu said: “Yes.” Ztu Ju said: “Then he should know innately where his way is.” Then Ztu Lu asked Jie Ni. Jie Ni asked: “Who are you?” Ztu Lu said: “I’m Zhong You.” Jie Ni said: “Are you a student of the Kong Qiu of the country Lu?” Ztu Lu said: “Yes.” Evil doers and evil deeds are spreading unchecked like overflowing food. Who are willing to work with you to reverse the tide? Isn’t it better for you to follow us who retire from the world than follow the ones who shun persons?” He talked and sowed at once without stopping. Ztu Lu came back and told Confucius what they said. Confucius said disappointedly: “Human being cannot get long with birds and animals. If I don’t get long with human being, whom I should get long with? If there is a great order across the land, what’s the need for me to carry out reforms?”
Following Confucius on a tour, Ztu Lu lagged behind. He met an old man who was carrying a grass-cutting tool with his walking stick. Ztu Lu asked: “Have you ever met with my teacher?” The old man said: “I’m tied up with work, sowing grain and spreading manure. There is no time for me to know who is your teacher.” After saying that, the old man was still working in the fields. Ztu Lu was standing beside, cupping one hand in the other before his chest as an obeisance. Deeply touched, the old man invited Ztu Lu to stay overnight and entain him with chicken and let him meet his two sons. Next day, Ztu Lu said goodbye to the host and left. When catching up with Confucius, Ztu Lu told him the whole story. Confucius said: “He must be a hermit.” He let Ztu Lu go back to meet the old man again. But he was out. Ztu Lu said to his teacher: “It’s wrong not to seek official posts. The proprieties relating relationship between elder and young couldn’t be abolished. But it could not be said that the custom relating relationship between a lord and his subjects should be abandoned. It’s no good to preserve one’s purity but at the same time violate proprieties between lord and subject. The aim of a gentleman to seek official posts is only to carry out his duty. As for pursuing a great order across the land, I know it’ll get us nowhere.”
Hernits: Bo Yi, Shu Qi, Yu Zhong, Yi Yi, Zhu Zhang, Liu Xiahui and Shao Lian. Confucius said: “Do not self-lower ideal, do not self-humiliate status. Bo Qi and Shu Qi are among this kind of people, aren’t they?” As for Liu Xiahui and Shao Lian, Confucius said: “They lowered their ideals and humiliated their status, but they spoke according to moral principles and acted according to their senses. This is what they could only do.” As for Yu Zhong and Yi Yi, he said: “They secluded themselves from society, enjoyed freedom of speech, preserved their purity and resigned their official posts. What they did was all reasonable.” He said at last: “I’m quite different from them. I don’t care one way or another”
Zhi, musician No.1 went to the country Qi; Gan, musician No.2 went to Chu; Liao, musician No.3 went to Cai; Que, musician No.4 went to Qin; Fang Shu, drum-beater went to Huanghe Rive area; Wu, drum-shaker went to Hanshui River area; Yang, assistant musician and Xiang, chime-beater went to sea shore.
The lord of the country Zhou said to the lord of the country Lu: “Gentlemen do not keep their relatives at a distance and do not let their objects complain because of being unemployed. As for old friends and objects, do not desert them so long as they don’t make serious mistakes. Just do not demand perfection.”
【原文】
18·11 周有八士(1):伯达、伯适、伯突、仲忽、叔夜、叔夏、季随、季騧(2)。
【注释】
(1)八士:已不可考。
(2)騧:人名,读“瓜”。
【白话】
周代有八个士:伯达、伯适、伯突、仲忽、叔夜、叔夏、季随、季騧。
【英译】
There were eight gentlemen in Zhou Dynasty, namely Bo Da, Bo Shi, Bo Tu Zhong Hu, Shu Ye, Shu Xia, Ji Sui and Ji Gua.
Ztu Zhang said: “A gentleman should be regardless of his own safety in face of peril, should think of moral principle in face of benefit, should be pious when holding a memorial ceremony, and should be sorrowful when going into mourning. That’s enough for a gentleman.”
【原文】
19·2 子张曰:“执德不弘,信道不笃,焉能为有?焉能为亡?”
【白话】
子张说:“子张说:“遵守道德不坚定,信仰道义不真诚,这样的人有他该怎么样?没他又该怎么样?”
【英译】
Ztu Zhang said: “Some people neither observe standards of morality firmly nor believe in justice sincerely. What’s the difference between having them and not having them?”
Ztu Xia’s student asked Ztu Zhang how to make friends with others. Ztu Zhang asked: “What did Ztu Xia say?” The student replied: “Ztu Zhang said: ‘Make friends with anyone who can be friends and refuse anyone who can be friends.’” Ztu Zhang said: “This is quite different with what I heard: gentlemen not only respect worthy people but also tolerate common people; not only highly regard people of large caliber but also sympathize people of small caliber. If I’m a good man, there is no one I cannot tolerate. Otherwise, others will refuse me. And if so, how could it be said that I refuse others?”
【原文】
19·4 子夏曰;“虽小道(1),必有可观者焉,致远恐泥(2),是以君子不为也。”
【注释】
(1)小道:微不足道,或指常言所说“雕虫小技”,具体指各种农工商医卜之类的技能。
(2)泥:阻滞,不通,妨碍。
【白话】
子夏说:“虽然都是微不足道的技艺,也一定有可称道之处,但用它去实现远 大目标就不行了。”
【英译】
Ztu Xia said: “These are only insignificant skills, but they must have something commendable; nevertheless, you cannot use them to realize your high ideals.”
【原文】
19·5 子夏曰:“日知其所亡,月无忘其所能,可谓好学也已矣。”
【白话】
子夏说:“每天学到一些不懂的东西,学到之后坚持一个月不忘,这就可以叫做好学了。”
【英译】
Ztu Xia said: “Each day you learn something you don’t understand and keep them not to be forgotten for a month. And this can be regarded being eager to learn.”
【原文】
19·6 子夏曰;“博学而笃志(1),切问(2)而近思,仁在其中矣。”
【注释】
(1)笃志:强记。
(2)切问:问与切身有关的问题。
【白话】
子夏说:“博学强记,就与切身有关的问题提出质疑,并且加以思考,仁就在其中了。”
【英译】
Ztu Xia said: “Have wide learning and a strong memory, raise and ponder questions about something closely related to your own conditions. I think humanity just exists in this learning process.”
【原文】
19·7 子夏曰:“百工居肆(1)以成其事,君子学以致其道。”
【注释】
(1)百工居肆:百工,各行各业的工匠。肆,作坊。
【白话】
子夏说:“各行各业的工匠住在作坊里做各自的事,而君子则是通过学习来实现自己的理想。”
【英译】
Ztu Xia said: “Craftsmen live in workshops and do their own things, while gentlemen realize their high ideals through learning.”
【原文】
19·8 子夏说:“小人之过也必文(1)。”
【白话】
子夏说:“小人犯了过错一定要掩饰。”
【注释】
(1)文:掩饰。
【英译】
Ztu Xia said: “Vulgarians must gloss over their mistakes whenever they make.”
【原文】
19·9 子夏曰:“君子有三变:望之俨然,即之也温,听其言也厉。”
【白话】
子夏说:“君子有三变:远看他很严肃,接近他很温柔,听他说很严厉。”
【英译】
Ztu Xia said: “A gentleman have three changeable characters: when you look at him from afar, he appears severe; when you get close to him, you’ll know that he is gentle-natured; when you listen to him, you’ll hear that he speaks sternly.”
Ztu Xia said: “A gentleman must get trust from others first and then makes them do something, or they’ll think you ill-treat them. He must get trust from others first and then admonishes them, or they’ll think you
slander them.”
【原文】
19·11 子夏曰:“大德(1)不逾闲(2),小德出入可也。”
【注释】
(1)大德、小德:指大节小节。
(2)闲:木栏,这里指界限。
【白话】
子夏说:“大节不能越轨,小节有些出入可以。”
【英译】
Ztu Xia said: “In the respect of moral integrity, a gentleman must not transgress, but in the respect of trivial matter, there is no need for a gentleman to bother about it too much.”
Ztu You said: “As for Ztu Xia’s students, it’s certainly feasible to let them do something like sprinkling water and sweeping the floor, and receiving guests. But all these are only trivialities. They haven’t learned anything fundamental. How can it be workable?” After learning this, Ztu Xia said: “Oh, Ztu You is wrong!
As to a gentleman’s knowledge, what should be taught first and what should be taught next? There is a difference between these two points which are just like grass and trees.
【原文】
19·13 子夏曰:“仕而优(1)则学,学而优则仕。”
【注释】
(1)优:有余力。
【白话】
子夏说:“做官还有余力的人,就可以去学习,学习有余力的人,就可以去做官。”
【英译】
Zi Xia said: “If a person, except for being an official, still has superfluous energy, he can study and if a person, except for study, still has superfluous energy, he can be an official.”
【原文】
19·14 子游曰:“丧致(1)乎哀而止。”
【注释】
(1)致:极致、竭尽。
【白话】
子游说:“办丧事只要充分表达悲哀之情就可以了。”
【英译】
Zi You said: “When handling funeral affairs, so long as you fully express your sorrow, that’s enough.”
【原文】
19·15 子游曰:“吾友张也为难能也,然而未仁。”
【白话】
子游说:“我的朋友子张可以说是很难得的人,可就连他也还没有做到仁。”
【英译】
Zi You said: “My friend Zi Zhang can be reckoned a rare outstanding person. But even he himself hasn’t become a person of humanity.”
【原文】
19·16 曾子曰:“堂堂乎张也,难与并为仁矣。”
【白话】
曾子说:“子张虽然仪表堂堂,但却难于和他一起做到仁的。”
【英译】
Zeng Zue said: “Zue Zhang bears a grandeur appearance. But it’s difficult for anyone to be man with humanity together with him.”
【原文】
19·17 曾子曰:“吾闻诸夫子,人未有自致者也,必也亲丧乎。”
【白话】
曾子说:“我听老师们说,人不会自然而然地流露情感,如果有,那也必定是在失去亲人时候才会。”
【英译】
Zeng Zue said: “I heard my teachers said that people could not show their feelings naturally except for that they lost their own beloved.”
Zeng Zue said: “I heard my teacher said that others could show filial devotion to their parents as Meng Zhuangzue did, but there was one thing others could hardly do, namely, to keep their fathers’ old subjects and policies unchanged.”
Appointed as judge by Meng, Yang Fu sought advice from Zeng Zue. Zeng Zue said: “The rulers didn’t behave themselves well so the masses have lost morale for a long time. Learning true conditions of the
Zue Gong said: “The lord Zhou’s evil doings were not so serious as what people said. Thereore, gentlemen are afraid they would have blemish in their past, because if so, all blame would be put on them.”
【原文】
19·21 子贡曰:“君子之过也,如日月之食焉。过也,人皆见之;更也,人皆仰之。”
【白话】
子贡说:“君子的过失,像日蚀月蚀。他有过失,人们都看得见;他改正过失,人们都敬仰他。”
【英译】
Zue Gong said: “Gentlemen’s faults are like solar eclipse and lunar eclipse. If they commit faults, people can see them; if they correct the faults, people would look up to them.”
Gong Sunchao of the country Wei asked Zue Gong: “Where does Confucius’ knowledge come from?” Zue Gong said: “The doctrines of Wen Wang and Wu Wang are not failed to be handed down. They still exist in the world. The question is that worthy people can see major principles but unworthy people can only see minor ones. The doctrines of Wen Wang and Wu Wang exist everywhere. And Confucius learns wherever he goes. How can he have regular teachers?”
Shu Sun and Wu Sun said to ministers in the imperial court: “Zue Gong is more worthy than Confucius.” Zuefu Jingbo told Zue Gong what they said. Zue Gong said: “If we take a wall as an example by analogy. My wall is only shoulder high. Standing outside, you can see the condition of my family is not so bad. But Confucius’s wall is decades of feet high. Fail to find a gate to enter, you can see neither the splendid temple nor the beautiful house. Since there are only a few people who can find a gate to enter, it’s understandable for Mr. Shu Sun to say this sort of things.”
Shu Sun and Wu Shu try their best to defame Confucius. Zue Gong said: “Better not to do this. It’s impossible to get Confucius defamed. The worthiness of others is just like a hill which is surmountable, yet Confucius’s is the sun or the moon which isn’t surmountable. Some people want to estrange themselves from the sun and the moon, but what harm they can do to the sun and the moon? It only indicates that they overestimate their own ability.”
Chen Zueqin said to Zue Gong: “You must be modest. How can Confucius be more worthy than you?” Zue Gong said: “Gentlemen must be cautious when speaking. Only one word can make it clear whether you are wise or not. Confucius is like the sky which is so high that no ladders can be used to climb to it. If Confucius is given a chance to govern a country, he would do as what people say, namely, he would educate people with proprieties and people would do everything according to proprieties; he would lead the people, and people would be willing to follow him; he would pacify people, and people would be willing to come over and give allegiance to him; he would mobilize the people, and they would be willing to work as one. He is honorable to live and pathetic to die. How can we say that we can catch up with him?”
Yao said: “Good! You Shun. Heaven has already issued an order to let you succeed to the throne. If people are poor, your ruling position as a sovereign will be ended for ever.” Shun also exhorted Yu this way. Shang Tang said: “My supreme Heaven, I - your sun on earth – would like to present you a black calf as a piece of sacrificial offerings. I pray for myself: I absolutely do not dare to pardon any guilty persons. I dare to conceal neither good nor evil. You’re omniscient so you naturally know how things stand. If I’m guilty, please don’t drag the broad masses in; if the masses are guilty, to lay all the blame on me.” Zhou Dynasty granted favors to the masses and let good people become rich. The lord Wu said: “I have nearest relatives but it’s not so good as to have people of humanity. If the broad masses commit errors, all blame should be put on me only.” Confucius said: “Cautiously examine measurement, carefully lay down laws, establish just personnel system; let government ordinances carried out smoothly; revive perished countries; succeed to severed clans; promote stifled real talents. If all these are well done, the broad masses will come over and give all allegiance to you wholeheartedly. Governors should pay attention to people, grains, funeral affairs and sacrificial rites. Tolerance wins support; credit gets confidence from others; diligence wins success; justice makes people happy.”
Zue Zhang asked Confucius: “How to deal with politics?” Confucius said: “Observe five fine characters and eliminate four bad habits. By doing so, you can deal with politics.” Zue Zhang said: “What are those five good characters?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen can grant favors to others without wasting anything and make people bear responsibilities without grudge. They consider others’ richness without seeking personal interests. They are easy to approach without arrogance and look serious but show no violence.” Zue Zhang said: “How to grant favors to others without wasting anything?” Confucius said: “Do anything beneficial to people according to their need. Isn’t it ‘granting favors to others without wasting anything’? If you can make people do whatever they can, they will have nothing to complain about. If you want to carry out policies of benevolence and you can obtain what you wish, then you will have no reasons to seek personal interests. Gentlemen respect all people without considering their population’s number and age. Surely it could be said that you are easy to approach without arrogance. Always well dressed, gentlemen pay much attention to their appearance. They look solemn and dignified so that others stand in awe of them. Surely it could be considered that you look serious but show no violence.” Zue Zhang said: “What are those four bad habits?” Confucius said: “Paying no attention to education but putting stress on killing is called ill treatment; paying no attention to instruction but only considering about success or failure is called savage; being tardy in issuing orders but impatient for success is called doing harm to people; wanting to award people but giving little is called stinginess.”
Confucius said: “If you don’t understand objective laws, you cannot be a gentleman; if you don’t understand moral norms, you cannot conduct yourself well in society; if you don’t understand how to distinguish between truth and falsehood, you cannot know people well.”