莎士比亚的池塘春色

自人类文明开始以来,捕鱼作为一种获取食物的方式,一直是文明的一部分,随着时间的推移,捕鱼又成为一种流行的消遣方式。人们对莎士比亚是否为一名垂钓者存在着很多猜测,从他戏剧作品中的各种文字线索来看,他对钓鱼这项运动确实是很熟悉的。

现将莎士比亚作品中的某些关于垂钓的段落归纳如下:

一:《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》(Antony and Cleopatra)第一幕第四场,凯撒(Caesar)这样评论安东尼:“我不是因为天生邪恶才痛恨我们的伟大的竞争者。来自亚历山大的消息是这样的:他捕鱼、饮酒,彻夜狂欢不休, 并不比克利奥帕特拉更有男子气概……( It is not Caesar’s natural vice to hate Our great competitor. From Alexandria This is the news: he fishes, drinks, and wastes The lamps of night in revel; is not more manlike Than Cleopatra……) 第二幕第四场,埃及艳后听说安东尼另娶后,说:“替我把钓竿拿来,我们到河边去;你们在远处奏乐,我会引诱那长着黄褐色鳍片的鱼儿,我的弯弯的钓钩要穿透它们粘粘的下巴;当我把它们拉起来时,我会把每一条鱼当成安东尼,然后说,哈哈,你被抓住啦。” 侍女查米恩(Charmin)说:“那一次你们钓鱼时还打赌哩,您叫一个人潜到水里,把一条咸鱼挂在他的钓钩上,他拼命往上拉,太有趣啦!”

(Cleopatra:

And when good will is shewed,

Though't come too short,

The Actor may plead pardon. I'le none now,

Give me mine Angle, we'll to the 'River, there

My Musick playing far off, I will betray

Tawny-fine fishes, my bended hook shall pierce

Their slimie jaws: and, as I draw them up,

I'le think every one an Anthony,

And say, ah, ha; y'are caught.

CHARMIAN

’Twas merry when

You wagered on your angling, when your diver

Did hang a salt fish on his hook, which he

With fervency drew up. )

二:《亨利四世》下篇,第二幕第四场,比斯托尔(Pistol)诅咒桃儿(Doll):“通过这只手,我要看她先掉下冥界的湖里,去到地狱深处的黑暗之神厄瑞玻斯那里,尝尽各种折磨。抓紧鱼钩和线,我说,下去吧,下去吧,畜生们,下去吧,命运!”(I’ll see her damned first to Pluto’s damnèd lake, by this hand, to th' infernal deep with Erebus and tortures vile also. Hold hook and line, say I. Down, down, dogs!Down, Fates! )

三:《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》(Troilus and Cressida),第四幕第四场,特洛伊罗斯说:“当别人用手段去沽名钓誉时,我却用一片赤诚去争得一个愚蠢的名声。”(Whiles others fish with craft for great opinion, I with great truth catch mere simplicity.)

四:《一报还一报》(Measure for Measure)第二幕第二场,安杰洛(Angelo)说:“哦,狡猾的敌人为了捕获圣徒,会把圣徒做诱饵。”(Oh cunning Enemy, that to catch a Saint,/With Saints dost bait thou hook:)

五:《无事生非》(Much Ado About Nothing)第二幕第三场,克劳迪奥(Claudio)说:“好好把钓钩放下去,鱼儿就要吞饵了。”(Bait the hook well, the fish will bite.)第三幕第一场,希罗(Hero)与厄苏拉(Ursula)之间有一段引诱碧翠丝(Beatrice)上钩的对话:

希罗:

“瞧碧翠丝像一只田凫似的,紧贴着地面奔跑,在听我们谈话了。”

厄苏拉:

“钓鱼最有趣的时刻,就是瞧那鱼儿用她的金桨拨开银浪,贪馋地吞食危险的美饵;我们也用此法引诱碧翠丝上钩。她现在已经躲在香忍冬藤的浓荫下面了。您放心吧,我一定不会说错了话。”

希罗:

“那么让我们走近她些,好让她的耳朵一字不漏地吞下我们安排的诱人的美饵。”

(Hero:

For look where Beatrice like a Lapwing runs

Close by the ground, to hear our conference.

Ursula:

The pleasant'st angling is to see the fish

Cut with her golden oars the silver stream,

And greedily devor the treacherous bait:

So angle we for Beatrice, who even now,

Is couched in the woodbine coverture,

Fear you not my part of the Dialogue.

Hero:

Then go we near her that her ear lose nothing

Of the false sweet bait that we lay for it:)

鱼的宗教象征在早期欧洲文化中根深蒂固,与其说吃鱼是一种烹饪选择,不如说是一种奉献行为。基督教历法中,一年中有一半的时间是禁食的,在此期间禁食红肉和家禽,但可以吃鱼。居住在群岛上的早期英国人几千年来习惯了吃各种海鱼和淡水鱼,渔业发达。

鲱鱼(herring)是消费量最大的海鱼,以腌制、熏制、盐水泡制为主,沙丁鱼和鳕鱼其次。莎士比亚笔下的十六世纪的伦敦是一座充斥着鱼腥味的城市,除了海水鱼,英国人还大量捕食鳗鲡、鲑鱼、鳟鱼等淡水鱼。都铎王朝的观众一边吃海鲜,一边欣赏莎士比亚的戏剧。富裕的观众在剧院里咀嚼螃蟹、鳕鱼、桃子和无花果干,买站票的平民观众则吃牡蛎和其他贝壳类海鲜。鱼类充斥着生活的方方面面,莎士比亚随手拈来,在作品里用鱼来做各种隐喻。

(鲱鱼)

比如《第十二夜》里,聪明的玛丽亚就把冷漠的清教徒马伏里奥(Malvolio)比作生活在寒冷、清澈、氧气充足的水域里的鳟鱼,容易上当受骗,需要用诡计捕获(原文为“must be caught with tickling”, 必须用挠痒痒的方法来捕捉)。而她的同谋 – 贪吃好色的托比爵士(Sir Toby)在半醉后打了一个嗝后,然后咒骂:“这些该死的腌鲱鱼。”(a plague o' these pickle herring!),腌鲱鱼通常与啤酒屋和 街头文化等联系在一起,符合托比爵士的粗俗性格。奥利维亚小姐的小丑(Fool)对女扮男装的维奥(Viola)说:“傻子之于丈夫,就像沙丁鱼之于鲱鱼,丈夫只是大一点的傻子而已。”(fools are as like husbands as pilchards are to herrings; the husband’s the bigger.) 鲱鱼和沙丁鱼是当时的观众都很熟悉的海鱼,成年鲱鱼的长度在30厘米至45厘米之间,成年沙丁鱼的长度在15厘米之间。这两个近亲的外表比较相似,盐腌后身子都大幅度缩水,呈僵硬的纺锤形,鱼头和鱼嘴很小。整条腌鱼的形状有点像男人的阳具,再加之独特的风味,被傻子拿来作为性暗示。

(腌鲱鱼)

(沙丁鱼)

莎士比亚环球剧场坐落在英国伦敦南华克区(Southwark),从十四世纪开始,企业家们就在那一带的泰晤士河南岸进行商业化鱼塘养殖,那个区鱼塘、澡堂与妓院林立,还有各种美食、市场和娱乐活动。莎翁笔下的池塘折射出了“性、繁殖、死亡、腐烂”等信息,现举以下两例:

第一例:《终成眷属》(All's Well That Ends Well)第五幕第二场,小丑(Clown)对帕洛(Parolles) 说:“这是财富之猫的一坨屎,不是麝香猫屎 – 掉进了她的不开心的肮脏的池塘。就如他所说的,浑浊不堪。先生,请您随便用池里的鲤鱼吧,因为他看起来就像一个可怜的、腐朽的、土气的、愚蠢的、无赖的恶棍。(Here is a purr of fortune's, sir, or of fortune's cat,—but not a musk-cat, —that has fallen into the unclean fishpond of her displeasure, and, as he says, is muddied withal: pray you, sir, use the  carp as you may; for he looks like a poor, decayed, ingenious, foolish, rascally knave. )莎翁在此提醒观众,家家餐桌上的美味鲤鱼是从充满粪便的池塘里打捞上来的,从而引爆他们的笑点。

(鲤鱼)

第二例:《冬天的故事》(Winter's Tale)第一幕第二场,里昂提斯(Leontes)忽然疯狂地嫉妒自己的妻子与来访的朋友波利克塞尼斯(Polixenes)之间的友谊,有一段独白:“要是我不曾搞错,很多男人都被妻子戴了绿帽子,即使在当下,当我说这话的时候,一定就有人搂着他的妻子,却极少想到他不在的时候水闸已被打开,他的池子里的鱼被笑脸邻居打捞去了。哎,想到其他的男人与我有着相同的遭遇,聊以自慰啊!”

(Or I am much deceived, cuckolds ere now;

And many a man there is, even at this present,

Now while I speak this, holds his wife by the arm,

That little thinks she has been sluiced in's absence

And his pond fish'd by his next neighbour, by

Sir Smile, his neighbour: nay, there's comfort in't

Whiles other men have gates and those gates open'd,

As mine, against their will.)

在这里,莱昂特斯认为妻子是他的私人土地,她的生殖器是私人土地上的鱼塘。莎士比亚通过戏剧人物的对话揭示了当时丰富的鱼市文化,同时好好地消费了一把剧院旁边就是卖淫场所这一事实。

 

 

 

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