积极态度的消极作用 (zt)

来源 :http://www.yayabay.net/blog/space.php?uid=5213&do=blog&id=8174


一般的看法,充满乐观精神,积极向上的生活态度值得提倡。可是美国作家、政治活动家、维权运动积极分子芭芭拉恩莱克(Barbara Ehrenreich)却在她的新作《亮点:对正面思考不屈不挠的提倡是如何损害美国的》(Bright-sided:How the Relentless Promotion of Positive Thinking Has Undermined America)中却对这种传统看法提出反驳,大唱反调。

本书的中心论点其实很简单,作者认为“凡事往好处看”的做法在美国社会和文化中流行已久、影响很广,已经成为一种强势的“意识形态”(ideology)。它不但鼓励人们否认现实、逆来顺受、遭遇不幸时归咎于自己,并且处罚排挤那些“悲观”、清醒的持不同意见者。而且,作者声称,动机不纯者提倡“积极的态度”(positive thinking)实际上是为了牟取私利、化解下层民众的不满和反抗。例如,美国的“福音传播者”(evangelist)籍此兴建大型教会,获取大量金钱的支持;畅销书作者声称只要在自己的脑子里想象(visualize)成功富裕的生活就能实现梦想,因此热卖著作;而大公司大财团则一边大量裁员,一边又告诉这些资本倾轧的牺牲品不要怨天尤人,只要“态度积极”,就能改变自己贫穷困苦的生活境遇。

作者从各个方面论证“积极态度”对美国的危害。比如,乳癌患者群的主流文化无视现实,一味高调,其实是忽视真正无药可救者的痛苦和一般患者合理的疑虑和挫折感。又比方,那些宣称仅凭个人想象的力量就可以“魔术般”地发财致富的畅销书,实际上是鼓励民众不负责任地负债消费。大公司、大财团和华尔街整体对“房产泡沫化”的许多警示视而不见,造成的恶果更是有目共睹。最终,作者说,是“积极态度”摧毁了美国的经济。

我看到这本书纯属偶然,看完之后也并不觉得其中的观点有多么振聋发聩,但其中也有几个看点。一是作者作为一个乳癌幸存者描绘她的亲身经历;二是她把目前流行的“积极态度”的根源追溯到对于早期清教徒禁欲、强调人类原罪的凯尔文主义(Calvinism)的一种反抗;三是她揭露的凭借“积极态度”赚钱的各行各业,比如所谓的“人生教练”、“顾问”等忽悠人的秘诀。

作者最后总结,纠正盲目乐观的办法不是悲观绝望,而是超越自身的局限,清醒地认识现实。她提出几种情况下所谓的积极乐观态度无益反而有害:医生不负责任大而化之、父母不管孩子、大学老师不鼓励学生的“批判性思维”、开车时马马虎虎,并且提倡一种“自卫性的悲观主义”(defensive pessimism),即,随时作最坏的打算。这些当然都有道理,但有时却是知易行难啊。

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