Today's Most Popular: Recent Findings Hints Quantum Physics Binds DNA
In what would be a potentially explosive finding, a team of scientists at the National University of Singapore suggested that it is quantum entanglement that holds our DNA together.
In quantum entanglement, two objects are connected by an invisible wave that allows them to essentially share the same existence. If something happens to one object, it immediately happens to the other, regardless of their apart.
Elisabeth Rieper and colleagues at the National University of Singapore say this entanglement might hold the DNA double helix together.
According to MIT's Technology Review, Rieper and colleagues used a theoretical model of DNA in which each nucleotide consists of electrons orbiting a positively charged nucleus. The movement of the negative cloud is a harmonic oscillator. When the nucleotides bond to form a base pair, the clouds must oscillate in opposite directions or the structure won't be stable. Rieper and colleagues asked what would happen to those oscillations when the base pairs are stacked in a double helix.
The helix should vibrate and fall apart, but it doesn't because the oscillations occur as a superposition of states -- meaning they oscillate in all possible states at once. A quantum entanglement that effectively holds it all together.
Rieper and colleages say that in a standard analysis, there's not enough energy to hold DNA together, but their quantum theory makes it work. Proof will have to follow to confirm their theory.
Casey Kazan via technologyreview.com
Once in a while science produces theoretical work that has tantalizing possibilities but also raises a strong skeptical response. This is another way of saying that a theory has a certain amount of plausibility but is without experimental evidence. Such is the case with a theory proposed by Elisabeth Rieper and colleagues at the National University of Singapore and submitted in a paper at arXiv.org on June 21, 2010: The relevance of continuous variable entanglement in DNA. They are saying that the stability of DNA is in part the result of quantum entanglement.
It’s a little early to be talking about the ‘field’ of quantum biology, although there is already strong evidence for quantum effects in photosynthesis [SciTechStory: Confirmation of quantum entanglement in photosynthesis] but if the existence of significant quantum effects in DNA can be substantiated (that means with experimental evidence) it would be a foundational discovery. However, at this point the idea is a working hypothesis based on mathematical modeling. It goes something like this…
Quantum effects, in this case quantum entanglement, are among the most counter-intuitive and challenging ideas in physics – ‘spookish’ is the word Einstein used. Scientists know quantum mechanics from many decades of mathematical theorizing and a couple of decades of experimentation with atomic behavior at temperatures close to absolute zero. It comes as an enormous intellectual and theoretical leap to grapple with the idea that natural (biological) phenomenon use quantum effects at or above room temperature. Yet, the evidence is accumulating that quantum entanglement is involved with biology in a very fundamental way – photosynthesis being the first to have experimental evidence.
This new theory, which is certain to provoke as many skeptical voices as words of interest, began with wondering what role, if any, might quantum entanglement play in DNA. Quantum entanglement is described, simply, as two separate particles that work together as if they were one particle no matter how far apart they might be. If one particle moves up, the other particle moves down, instantly, as if they were on the ends of a teeter-totter. They are a system that behaves as one particle. In the case of DNA, the ‘particles’ are the molecules of the DNA base pairs, formed by the nucleotides with adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. Each nucleotide is surrounded by a cloud of electrons that behave as if the nucleotide were an atomic nucleus. The cloud shifts relative to the nucleus, perhaps influenced by what are called Van der Waals forces, from side to side so to speak forming a dipole (two poles), and this shifting is regular – a harmonic oscillation. In solid-state physics, the oscillation of molecules within a solid is known as a phonon, a kind of quasi-particle that vibrates at a specific frequency and gives the solid many of its electrical and physical properties. In DNA, when a base pair is formed the clouds of each nucleotide must oscillate in opposite directions if the bond is to hold together.
The key question for the researchers was what influence does the double helical structure of DNA have on this oscillation? To answer the question, they first modeled how the phonons would behave at absolute zero temperature. Here (mathematically) it was clear the phonons would be typical quantum objects, existing as both waves and particles exhibiting the property of quantum entanglement. As it turns out, the size of the DNA helix corresponds rather well to the wavelength (frequency) of the phonons. This correspondence causes the phonons to stay within this frequency, something called ‘phonon trapping.’ Though the nucleotide phonons in each base pair oscillate in opposite directions they do so in a quantum entangled system – they act together and at the same frequency, ensuring the stability of the pair bond and of the helix itself.
At least that’s what the model shows can happen. The model also shows that this configuration can maintain the bond at high temperatures – room temperatures or above (e.g. 20 degrees C or 68 degrees F). The quantum entanglement is vital to making this work, because under classical mechanics the vibration of the particles in the helix would shake it apart, especially at higher temperatures.
Of course, this is all modeling. What must come next is experimental evidence. It won’t come easily. The researchers point to the notion that using classical mechanics to add up the energy necessary to hold the helix together comes out short, and that adding the quantum effects makes up the difference. But this is indirect evidence.
Keep in mind that quantum mechanics existed as mathematical theory long before experimental evidence was provided. The situation may be similar with showing quantum effects in DNA. Or not. As is the case when there are potentially major shifts in scientific understanding – and finding quantum mechanics as a basis for some of the most fundamental aspects of biology certainly qualifies – the demands for evidence will be rigorous. In the meantime, scientists will engage in vigorous debate. It will be interesting to see how argument and evidence changes or nullifies the theoretical insight. The process represents the essence of the scientific method applied to a potentially revolutionary hypothesis.
http://scitechstory.com/2010/06/29/quantum-entanglement-helps-keep-dna-together/
In what would be a potentially explosive finding, a team of scientists at the National University of Singapore suggested that it is quantum entanglement that holds our DNA together.
In quantum entanglement, two objects are connected by an invisible wave that allows them to essentially share the same existence. If something happens to one object, it immediately happens to the other, regardless of their apart.
Elisabeth Rieper and colleagues at the National University of Singapore say this entanglement might hold the DNA double helix together.
The helix should vibrate and fall apart, but it doesn't because the oscillations occur as a superposition of states -- meaning they oscillate in all possible states at once. A quantum entanglement that effectively holds it all together.
Rieper and colleages say that in a standard analysis, there's not enough energy to hold DNA together, but their quantum theory makes it work. Proof will have to follow to confirm their theory.
Casey Kazan via technologyreview.com
Once in a while science produces theoretical work that has tantalizing possibilities but also raises a strong skeptical response. This is another way of saying that a theory has a certain amount of plausibility but is without experimental evidence. Such is the case with a theory proposed by Elisabeth Rieper and colleagues at the National University of Singapore and submitted in a paper at arXiv.org on June 21, 2010: The relevance of continuous variable entanglement in DNA. They are saying that the stability of DNA is in part the result of quantum entanglement.
It’s a little early to be talking about the ‘field’ of quantum biology, although there is already strong evidence for quantum effects in photosynthesis [SciTechStory: Confirmation of quantum entanglement in photosynthesis] but if the existence of significant quantum effects in DNA can be substantiated (that means with experimental evidence) it would be a foundational discovery. However, at this point the idea is a working hypothesis based on mathematical modeling. It goes something like this…
Quantum effects, in this case quantum entanglement, are among the most counter-intuitive and challenging ideas in physics – ‘spookish’ is the word Einstein used. Scientists know quantum mechanics from many decades of mathematical theorizing and a couple of decades of experimentation with atomic behavior at temperatures close to absolute zero. It comes as an enormous intellectual and theoretical leap to grapple with the idea that natural (biological) phenomenon use quantum effects at or above room temperature. Yet, the evidence is accumulating that quantum entanglement is involved with biology in a very fundamental way – photosynthesis being the first to have experimental evidence.
This new theory, which is certain to provoke as many skeptical voices as words of interest, began with wondering what role, if any, might quantum entanglement play in DNA. Quantum entanglement is described, simply, as two separate particles that work together as if they were one particle no matter how far apart they might be. If one particle moves up, the other particle moves down, instantly, as if they were on the ends of a teeter-totter. They are a system that behaves as one particle. In the case of DNA, the ‘particles’ are the molecules of the DNA base pairs, formed by the nucleotides with adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. Each nucleotide is surrounded by a cloud of electrons that behave as if the nucleotide were an atomic nucleus. The cloud shifts relative to the nucleus, perhaps influenced by what are called Van der Waals forces, from side to side so to speak forming a dipole (two poles), and this shifting is regular – a harmonic oscillation. In solid-state physics, the oscillation of molecules within a solid is known as a phonon, a kind of quasi-particle that vibrates at a specific frequency and gives the solid many of its electrical and physical properties. In DNA, when a base pair is formed the clouds of each nucleotide must oscillate in opposite directions if the bond is to hold together.
The key question for the researchers was what influence does the double helical structure of DNA have on this oscillation? To answer the question, they first modeled how the phonons would behave at absolute zero temperature. Here (mathematically) it was clear the phonons would be typical quantum objects, existing as both waves and particles exhibiting the property of quantum entanglement. As it turns out, the size of the DNA helix corresponds rather well to the wavelength (frequency) of the phonons. This correspondence causes the phonons to stay within this frequency, something called ‘phonon trapping.’ Though the nucleotide phonons in each base pair oscillate in opposite directions they do so in a quantum entangled system – they act together and at the same frequency, ensuring the stability of the pair bond and of the helix itself.
At least that’s what the model shows can happen. The model also shows that this configuration can maintain the bond at high temperatures – room temperatures or above (e.g. 20 degrees C or 68 degrees F). The quantum entanglement is vital to making this work, because under classical mechanics the vibration of the particles in the helix would shake it apart, especially at higher temperatures.
Of course, this is all modeling. What must come next is experimental evidence. It won’t come easily. The researchers point to the notion that using classical mechanics to add up the energy necessary to hold the helix together comes out short, and that adding the quantum effects makes up the difference. But this is indirect evidence.
Keep in mind that quantum mechanics existed as mathematical theory long before experimental evidence was provided. The situation may be similar with showing quantum effects in DNA. Or not. As is the case when there are potentially major shifts in scientific understanding – and finding quantum mechanics as a basis for some of the most fundamental aspects of biology certainly qualifies – the demands for evidence will be rigorous. In the meantime, scientists will engage in vigorous debate. It will be interesting to see how argument and evidence changes or nullifies the theoretical insight. The process represents the essence of the scientific method applied to a potentially revolutionary hypothesis.
http://scitechstory.com/2010/06/29/quantum-entanglement-helps-keep-dna-together/