合作者（2）：导师和学生之间的合作赢得了诺贝尔奖 (乳糖操纵子) 
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合作者（2）：导师和学生之间的合作赢得了诺贝尔奖 (乳糖操纵子的基因表达的控制研究)
Collaborator (2): Collaboration between mentor and student won a Nobel Prize.
雅各布博士, 1965年诺贝尔医学奖导师与学生团队的最后一人, 今天去世了。我很伤感，我记得, 当我上大学，读他们的故事，促使我追求研究分子生物学。在这里，我写下这只是时间的流逝难忘的事件。与我擦肩而过的记忆。
其实, 导师和学生之间的合作赢得了诺贝尔奖。在历史上，这是不常见。只有幸运的人，愿意共享。
学生(雅各和导师尔沃夫分享了1965年诺贝尔医学奖: 他们发现酶和病毒合成“ - 乳糖操纵子的基因表达的控制研究--遗传控制转录调控系统的第一个例子。”
名言: “大肠杆菌的基因调控任何发现, 也适用于大象基因调控。”
世界二战, 雅各布博士的祖父，法国陆军四星上将，乘船逃到英国于1940年加入了自由戴高乐领导的法国军队。
雅各布博士曾作为一名北非和法国盟军医务人员，在，在那里他被德国空袭作战打成重伤。法国二战英雄,
他曾获多项重要的军事荣誉，包括战争解放十字勋章。
战争结束后, Jacob 在1947年完成他的医学院，但他从战斗创伤的损害手阻止他成为一名外科医生。在追求什么职业，战斗创伤迫使他改变他的职业生涯路径，从外科医生转向科学家。他被鼓励尝试研究，
尽管他从战斗创伤的的笨拙和老年，雅各坚持走向研究遗传学的职业生涯。雅各几次询问安德烈尔沃夫, 雅克·莫诺，每次被拒绝。
雅各的最后一次尝试，尔沃夫是在一个良好的心情, 建议雅各研究诱导噬菌体。雅各没想到研究诱导噬菌体, 根本不知道这是什么意思，出于好意，但他接受了项目。1950年，弗朗索瓦·雅各布加盟巴斯德研究所博士安德烈尔沃夫下。
1954年在34岁, 他赢得了在索邦大学科学博士学位。在那些日子里，这34岁笨拙和老年，他很难找到一个科学的职位，所以他留在他的导师尔沃夫的实验室。雅各布仍然从事噬菌体研究。雅克·莫诺在楼下研究细菌。雅各布后意识到，他们实际上是在研究相同的事情 - 雅各布和莫诺开始了他们的诺贝尔奖的合作，发现β-半乳糖苷酶合成的开关打开和关闭。
如何制定的问题更重要，他们是，“雅各布博士后来写道。“在最好的情况下，导致更多的问题的答案。这是系统炮制使得未来的期望，一台机器。对于我来说，这个世界上的问题，并临时，这场追逐的答案后，总是推迟到第二天，所有的欣快。我住的未来。“
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Collaboration between mentor and student won a Nobel Prize. It has not been common in the history. Only the lucky ones, who were willing to share the credit and lived long, panned out in the end. That was why I remember this story:
The teacher-student team:
François Jacob (1920-2013), student.
Jacques Monod (1910-1976), Lwoff's colleauge.
André Lwoff (1902-1994), Jacob's mentor.
Notable awards: 1965 Nobel Prize in Medicine. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Medicine with JacquesMonod and André Lwoff (1902-1994).
Reading the article about the passaway of Jacob, has sadden me, reminding me of the time when I was a college student. Their claim, "like E.coli, like elephant", intrigued me, motivated me to pursue a career in molecular biology with my own belief "No way, E.coli must be different from elephants" -- The thought of challenging their hypothesis thrilled me to put forth with my best effort to learn French. I passed the comprehensive exams (spoken, listening, reading comprehension, and writing) of French issued by the University of Paris, hoping I could study at the Pasteur Institute.
In those days, so many new hypotheses, so many new discoveries, popped up and surfaced at a speed of breathtaking, so much lust in the eyes of students, wildly excited about chasing their dreams of DNA, RNA, proteins, or something in between. I got lost in the ocean of booming discoveries, so much so "Eyes wide shut" of seeing many famous scientists at the center of many actions.
Now, I realized that my belief of that E.coli must be different from elephants has been partially true even though this has not been my own finding - I got a dream - my dream did not fully come to fruition. What a wild ride of racing cars! Hilarious! Amazing! Hallelujah!
Some facts were fascinating as follows:
Dr. Jacob, whose grand father had been a four-star general in the French Army, fled to England by boat in 1940 and joined the Free French Army led by Charles de Gaulle.
French war hero whose combatwounds forced him to change his career paths from surgeon to scientist.
In 1950, François Jacob joined the Institut Pasteur under Dr. André Lwoff. After obtaining his doctorate in 1954, Jacob remained in Lwoff's lab and worked on phage. Jacques Monod worked downstairs on bacteria. After Jacob realized that they were actually studying the same thing - repression - Jacob and Monod began their Nobel Prize-winning collaboration, uncovering the switch that turns beta-galactosidase
synthesis off and on.
In 1958 the remarkable analogy revealed by geneticanalysis of lysogeny and that of the induced biosynthesis of ß-galactosidaseled François Jacob, with Jacques Monod, to study themechanisms responsible for the transfer of genetic information as well as the regulatory pathways which, in the bacterial cell, adjust the activity and synthesis of macromolecules. Following this analysis, Jacob and Monod proposeda series of new concepts, those of messenger RNA, regulator genes, operons and allosteric proteins.
Nobel Prize motivation: "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"--famous for their work on the lac operon. Study of the control of expression of genes in the lac operon provided the first example of a transcriptional regulation system.
"Anything found to be true of E. coli mustalso be true of elephants," claimed by Jacques Monod.
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Francois Jacob grew up in Paris feelingdeprived. He wanted a sibling and thought his parents unjustly denied him theaccomplice and playmate he was entitled to. He decided to get one for himselfbut knew they weren't available in stores.
He studiously watched kissing couples
after hearing that kissing causes a baby to grow in the mother's stomach. He was convinced that the mother had to bite off a fragment of the father but henever witnessed the bloody process he imagined and he gave up. (Jacob later produced four children with his wife Lise in the normal fashion.)
As a teenager, Jacob describes himself as"a shade backwards with girls." He didn't have much success with
the boys either, constantly getting into fights with right-wing bullies who objected to Jacob's Jewish background. He continued fighting though he rarely won. Jacob excelled in school but he resented the compartmentalization of the subjects.
After finishing school, Jacob was attracted to the field of medicine because surgery reminded him of sorcery. The sight of the human body and the religious aspect of the silent operating room
transfixed him. Jacob attended medical school until the impending German
invasion forced him to flee to England in 1940.
In England, Jacob joined General deGaulle's army, the Free French. He chose artillery, his family's branch, but was forced to move to the medical corps. Jacob served in North Africa and
participated in the invasion of Normandy in 1944.
The shrapnel that pierced his side duringthe invasion killed his dream of becoming a surgeon. Nevertheless, he finished medical school after being released from the hospital. To complete school, he searched for a quick and easy thesis project. He studied the properties of a new antibiotic, tryothicin, but describes his research technique as "Charlie Chaplin goes to the lab."
Despite his clumsiness and advanced age, Jacob was drawn toward a research
career in genetics. Several times Jacob approached Andre Lwoff and hiscolleague, Jacques Monod, for a fellowship only to be rejected every time.
Finally, on Jacob's last attempt, Lwoff was in a good mood and suggested Jacobs tart work on "the induction of the prophage." Jacob had no idea what this meant but he accepted the project.
Jacob emerged from his first seminar on
lactose induction dazed but fascinated. The scientists alternately told jokesand grilled each other with tough questions. "This was not the cold,studious, stiff, slightly sad, slightly boring world one often imagines,"he recalled in his autobiography.
After obtaining his doctorate in 1954, Jacob remained in Lwoff's lab and worked on phage. Jacques Monod worked downstairs on bacteria. After Jacob realized that
they were actually studying the same thing - repression - Jacob and Monod begantheir Nobel Prize-winning collaboration, uncovering the switch that turns beta-galactosidase synthesis off and on.
Jacob and Monod's unraveling of the lacoperon not only introduced the new concept of regulatory sites on DNA, but alsothe concept of mRNA. The researchers had to hypothesize the existence of anintermediary molecule between DNA and protein to account for the rapidproduction of the enzyme's production. Jacob worked with Sydney Brenner duringa brief stay in California to verify the hypothesis.
http://www.dnalc.org/view/16702-Biography-33-Francois-Jacob-1920-.html
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FrançoisJacob, Geneticist Who Pointed to How Traits Are Inherited, Dies at 92
François Jacob, left,and Jacques Monod in 1971. They helped discover how genes are regulated.
Published: April 25, 2013 Dr. François Jacob, a French war hero whose combat wounds forced him to change his career paths from surgeon to scientist, a pursuit that led to a Nobel Prize in1965 for his role in discovering how genes are regulated, died on April 19 inParis. He was 92.
François Jacob in 1997.
TheFrench government announced his death.
Dr. Jacobsaid he had been watching a
dull movie with his wife, Lysiane, in 1958 when he began day dreaming and was struck with an idea of how genes might function. “I think I’ve just thought upsomething important,” he told her.
Seven years later, Dr. Jacob shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Dr. Jacques Monod and Dr. André Lwoff, his colleagues at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, for their discovery that cells can switch on and switch off certain genetic information. Their work, which focused on bacteria,increased understanding of how genes could be selectively deployed by anorganism. “They’re all there in the egg. But how does the egg know when to turn from one type of cell type to another?” Richard Burian, a professor emeritus ofphilosophy and science studies at Virginia Tech, said of the question asked byDr. Jacob and his colleagues. “There must be some kind of signal.”
Their discovery, considered central to the development of molecular biology, offered new insight into how people inherit traits, how they grow and develop, and howthey contract and fight diseases.
“Thediscoveries have given a strong impetus to research in all domains of biologywith far-reaching effects spreading out like ripples in the water,” Sven Gard,a member of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, said when the threemen were awarded the prize, according to the Nobel Web site.“Now that we know the nature of such mechanisms, we have the possibility oflearning to master them.”
François Jacob was born on June 17, 1920, in Nancy, France. He had begun studying medicine when World War II began. France was occupied by Nazi Germany’s forces in 1940, and Dr. Jacob, whose grandfather had been a four-star general in the French Army, fled to England by boat in 1940 and joined the Free French Army led by Charles de Gaulle.
He worked as a medical officer and fought with Allied forces in North Africa and in France, where he was seriously wounded in a German air raid. He received numerous high military honors,including the Cross of War and the Cross of the Liberation.
Dr. Jacobreturned to medical school after the war, completing his studies in 1947, but damage to his hands from his combat wounds prevented him from becoming a surgeon. At a loss for what career to pursue, he was encouraged to try research and, though he had little training in it, he found a place at the Pasteur Institute in 1950. (He earned a doctorate in science at the Sorbonne in 1954.)
Working with other scientists at Pasteur, he quickly distinguished himself by identifying how bacteria adapt to drugs and bacterial viruses. It was a time of great discoveries in genetics. In 1953, James D. Watson and Francis Crick published their ground breaking work on the double helix structure of DNA. At the Pasteur Institute, Dr. Jacob began working with Dr.Monod, and they soon had a breakthrough of their own. By means of aseries of innovative experiments, they established that the transfer of genetic information could be controlled through two different types of genes, regulatory genes and structural genes, with the former controlling the expression of the latter.
“What mattered more than the answers were the questions and how they wereformulated,” Dr. Jacob later wrote. “For in the best of cases, the answer led to more questions. It was a system for concocting expectation, a machine formaking the future. For me, this world of questions and the provisional, this chase after an answer that was always put off to the next day, all that was euphoric. I lived in the future.”
Dr. Jacob expanded his research into otherareas, including how cancer grows and spreads. He also waded into adebate about genetic superiority that arose when the Nobel-winning physicist William B. Shockley,who argued that race andheredity are important to intelligence, was among four Nobel laureates whocontributed to a sperm bank intended to produce gifted children throughartificial insemination. Dr. Jacob was amused at the notion, and he consideredit misguided.
“For thegroup, as well as for the species, what gives an individual his genetic valueis not the quality of his genes,” he wrote in Le Monde in 1980 in an articlethat laterappeared in The New York Times. “It is the fact that he does nothave the same collection of genes as anyone else. It is the fact that he isunique. The success of thehuman species is due notably to its biological diversity. Its potential lies inthis diversity.”
Dr. Jacobbecame laboratory director at the Pasteur Institute in 1956 and four yearslater was appointed head of its new department of cell genetics. In 1964, hejoined the Collège de France, where a chair of cell genetics was created forhim.
Dr. Jacobmarried Lysiane Bloch, known as Lise, a pianist, in 1947. They had fourchildren. After her death, he married Geneviève Barrier in 1999. Informationabout survivors was unavailable.
Dr.Jacob’s inquiries included matters moral and philosophical as well as cellular.He once wrote that he wanted to discover “the core of life.”
“Whatintrigues me in my life is: How did I come to be what I am?” he wrote in his 1988 autobiography, “TheStatue Within.” “How did this person develop, this I whom I rediscover each morning and to whom I must accommodate myself to the end?”
A version of thisarticle appeared in print on April 26, 2013, on page B17 of the NewYork edition with the headline: François Jacob, Geneticist Who Pointed ToHow Traits Are Inherited, Dies at 92.
合作者(1)为科学而饿肚子-君子和而不同
本文引用地址：http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-847277-680897.html
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-847277-684429.html 此文来自科学网李胜文博客，转载请注明出处。
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13 蔡辉儒 曹裕波 唐凌峰 薛宇 刘淼 曹聪 余世锋 徐大彬 欧阳瑶 张世成 李天成 张能立 biofans
该博文允许注册用户评论 请点击登录 评论 (11 个评论)
- [11]李胜文
- 作者：任春晓 来源：科学网 www.sciencenet.cn 发布时间：2013-4-28 12:17:23
选择字号：小 中 大
诺贝尔奖得主弗朗索瓦·雅各布逝世 享年92岁
据外媒报道，1965年诺贝尔医学或生理学奖得主之一、法国分子遗传学家弗朗索瓦•雅各布（Francois Jacob）于2013年4月19日在法国巴黎逝世，享年92岁。
雅各布1920年6月17日生于法国东北部城市南锡，1947年获得巴黎大学医学博士学位。在他的研究生涯中，雅各布与Jacques Lucien Monod、Andre Lwoff在微生物遗传调控方面做出了杰出的贡献。最显著的贡献是确立了Jacob-Monod操纵子模型，解释了原核基因调控的原理。他还研究了作为DNA和核糖体之间媒介，mRNA参与蛋白质合成的作用机制。这些工作，让雅各布与Jacques Lucien Monod、Andre Lwoff分享了1965年诺贝尔医学或生理学奖。
业内人士评论认为，沃森和克里克发现了DNA结构，雅各布等人的工作则揭示了遗传信息如何传递。（科学网 任春晓/编译）
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2013-4-29 10:34:24 wzpwlsbio
开创，原创！ 可惜中国人还不具备产生的评价机制。
2013-4-28 21:37:07 xuanwofanye
又一位大神离去。。。
2013-4-28 18:15:30 wcvery
操纵子模型意义非凡！
2013-4-28 14:14:29 nanofeifei
bless
2013-4-28 13:40:15 twhlw
伟大的逝者，如水的斯夫！
- [10]李鹤
- I'm sorry to be so immodest. I learned much from you, the process you pursue your carrer from this article motive me to pursue my career. Thank for remind me to keep modest. 请教一下，“E.coli must be different from elephants ”翻译成汉语是“e.杆菌必须不同于大象”吗？
- [9]crossing
- 内容好像不错。但博主粗制滥造，汗颜哪
- 博主回复(2013-4-28 03:21)：哈哈！好像不太正确哦？您给润润色？
- [8]李鹤
- 学习了！英语比汉语看的顺。
- 博主回复(2013-4-28 03:23)：Wow! Thanks! Your English sounds great! I would like to learn from you.
- [7]biofans
- >>[5]何学锋 2013-4-27 16:25 中文是用机器翻译的吧，文法太烂了，建议重新翻译修改一下中文部分。
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
编辑MM认为好，所以才精选啊。 - 博主回复(2013-4-28 03:25)：哈哈！好像不太正确哦？您给文法修改一下中文部分润润色？"编辑MM认为好，所以才精选啊。" -- Hoping many Chinese mentor-student teams accomplish as much as this team.
- [6]davos
- 原来前面的中文是翻译的，怪不得a@%#￥……￥%&%%&%的感觉
- 博主回复(2013-4-28 03:27)：Thanks so much for pointing it out。Can you polish it?
- [5]何学锋
- 中文是用机器翻译的吧，文法太烂了，建议重新翻译修改一下中文部分。
- 博主回复(2013-4-28 03:29)：有请高手！你尝试给文法修改一下中文部分润润色？
- [4]杨正瓴
- 听太太的，也会拿诺贝尔奖金。
- 博主回复(2013-4-28 03:32)：后悔? 你尝试听太太的!
- [3]周著黄
- “Noble Prize”应为“Nobel Prize”
- 博主回复(2013-4-28 03:35)：Thanks so much for your pointing it out. I guess, Alfred Nobel wanted to be a Noble man all in his life - I got his point? whatever, Nobel is noble now, you got that right. Changed it per your advice. Thanks.
- [2]夏田
- 乳糖操纵子学说经典，可惜大师已去。
- 博主回复(2013-4-28 03:37)：Yes, the beauty of engineered concept, classic!
- [1]刘俊华
- 多谢李老师分享！
- 博主回复(2013-4-28 03:39)：Thank you! Do you know if anyone translated his autobiograph to Chinese? A great read, highly recommended!
