做人要低调,满招损,谦受益,但是,大政之人敢下地。

宇宙无边,有生命。人是动物,也是狼。来自远方的狼,在想啥呢?
打印 被阅读次数

ZT:总的来说,在秦汉之前,特别是春秋战国时期,中国的士人在政治上是有其独立自由的人格的。在中央集权的秦汉帝国建立之后,士人政治上的独立自由受到很大限制。至高无上的皇权、势力无边的皇威使得封建士人在人格上由独立自由转变为依附侍从,甚至有时要牺牲自己的人格,东方朔所处的汉武帝时代正是这样一个时期。东方朔对封建帝王的独断专行、官场吏治的黑暗不公有着清醒而深刻的认识,在《答客难》中他一针见血地指出:“尊之则为将,卑之则为虏;抗之则在青云之上,抑之则在深渊之下;用之则为虎,不用则为鼠。”士人在至高无上的皇权面前,简直是无所逃遁!从《嗟伯夷》来推想,东方朔很可能曾一度想像伯夷、叔齐那样隐居山林,但他最终决定不辞小官,“以仕代农”。但是,在朝廷为吏,却又不能阿谀逢迎,失去正直为官的原则,还要保持高尚的节操和高洁的人格尊严,这不能不让东方朔颇费思量。为此,东方朔虽身处卑微的如同倡优的郎官地位,仍然不断地直言极谏。谏起上林苑、贺杀昭平君、谏杀董偃、谏戒奢侈,直至死前谏远巧佞等,东方朔的行为确如张溥所评:“正言岳岳,汲长孺犹病不如,何况公孙丞相以下?”可是,东方朔也深知,伴君如伴虎,总是直言极谏吉凶难卜。于是,他就利用滑稽天性和异世脱俗的行为来保护自己,迷惑他人。长安娶妇、拔剑割肉、醉遗殿上、智辨驺牙等,也确如张溥所论:其形迹与侏儒俳优相近――只不过这就是东方朔所说的“圣人之道,一龙一蛇;形现神藏,与物变化”的处世思想的外在表现,是东方朔的大隐智慧而已。[2] 我们过去似乎过多地批评东方朔的大隐思想是一种庸俗的混世活命哲学,是一种消极有害的思想。其实,从社会政治历史的角度看,它反映出在封建专制主义政治下正直的封建士人遭受压抑、不平的悲哀的生存困境,也委婉曲折地表达出封建士人对封建专制主义政治的不满、反抗、愤懑和无奈;从士人个体的角度看,它反映出封建士人对独立、自由、高尚的人格精神顽强不息的追求,也折射出封建士人进退两难而又委曲求全的辛酸心态。伯夷、叔齐以牺牲自己的生命来维护自己高尚的精神节操,显示出高扬精神价值的倾向;以“自隐无名为务”的老子、庄子,主张保身、全生、养亲、尽年,显示出高扬生命价值的倾向;而东方朔的大隐之道,就是要在二者之间寻求平衡和统一。这或许就是东方朔大隐智慧的思想文化意义和人生意义吧。[2] 中隐唐·白居易大隐住朝市,小隐入丘樊。丘樊太冷落,朝市太嚣喧。不如作中隐,隐在留司官。似出复似处,非忙亦非闲。不劳心与力,又免饥与寒。终岁无公事,随月有俸钱。君若好登临,城南有秋山。君若爱游荡,城东有春园。君若欲一醉,时出赴宾筵。洛中多君子,可以恣欢言。君若欲高卧,但自深掩关。亦无车马客,造次到门前。人生处一世,其道难两全。贱即苦冻馁,贵则多忧患。唯此中隐士,致身吉且安。穷通与丰约,正在四者间。[3]

登录后才可评论.
Logo

Looks like your ad blocker is on.

×

We rely on ads to keep creating quality content for you to enjoy for free.

Please support our site by disabling your ad blocker.

Continue without supporting us

Choose your Ad Blocker

  • Adblock Plus
  • Adblock
  • Adguard
  • Ad Remover
  • Brave
  • Ghostery
  • uBlock Origin
  • uBlock
  • UltraBlock
  • Other
  1. In the extension bar, click the AdBlock Plus icon
  2. Click the large blue toggle for this website
  3. Click refresh
  1. In the extension bar, click the AdBlock icon
  2. Under "Pause on this site" click "Always"
  1. In the extension bar, click on the Adguard icon
  2. Click on the large green toggle for this website
  1. In the extension bar, click on the Ad Remover icon
  2. Click "Disable on This Website"
  1. In the extension bar, click on the orange lion icon
  2. Click the toggle on the top right, shifting from "Up" to "Down"
  1. In the extension bar, click on the Ghostery icon
  2. Click the "Anti-Tracking" shield so it says "Off"
  3. Click the "Ad-Blocking" stop sign so it says "Off"
  4. Refresh the page
  1. In the extension bar, click on the uBlock Origin icon
  2. Click on the big, blue power button
  3. Refresh the page
  1. In the extension bar, click on the uBlock icon
  2. Click on the big, blue power button
  3. Refresh the page
  1. In the extension bar, click on the UltraBlock icon
  2. Check the "Disable UltraBlock" checkbox
  1. Please disable your Ad Blocker
  2. Disable any DNS blocking tools such as AdGuardDNS or NextDNS

If the prompt is still appearing, please disable any tools or services you are using that block internet ads (e.g. DNS Servers).

Logo