德国民粹主义右翼选择党与纳粹进行比较
Germany's Populist Right-Wing AfD Party Draws Comparison to Nazis
对右翼德国另类选择党的支持激增引发了人们对回到黑暗时代的担忧。
2015年11月7日，德国选择党在柏林组织的反对德国政府庇护政策的示威活动中，右翼民粹主义德国选择党（AfD）的支持者展示反默克尔标语牌。法新社/盖蒂图片社
作者：安迪·埃卡特 2016 年 10 月 2 日
德国美因茨——柏林——曾经是阿道夫·希特勒黑暗纳粹政权的中心——在最近的地方选举前夕，市长向柏林选民发出了异乎寻常的强烈警告。
中左翼社会民主党成员迈克尔·穆勒(Michael Mueller)警告说，右翼选择党取得两位数的涨幅将被全世界解读为“德国右翼和纳粹的回归”。
这一警告收效甚微。
几天后，当德国另类选择党 (AfD) 获得 14% 的选票时，穆勒和政治机构感到震惊。
德国犹太社区前负责人、大屠杀幸存者夏洛特·诺布洛赫 (Charlotte Knobloch) 是呼吁德国主流政党阻止“棕色复兴”的声音之一。
她警告说，一个“令人厌恶地煽动对少数群体的仇恨”、使纳粹术语和论文“为社会所接受”、“无法与新纳粹和大屠杀否认者保持可信距离的政党的成功，是一场……噩梦”。
虽然德国选择党一直在庆祝选举胜利——根据最近的民意调查，它即将成为德国第三大政治力量——但它一直在与极端主义政党的标签作斗争，因为它的反伊斯兰立场以及围绕该党的一系列争议 它的一些成员。
上周，它因为支持极右意识形态的政客提供家园而再次受到批评。
据报道，柏林州议会的德国选择党候选人凯·纳斯特海默在自己的 Facebook 页面上称叙利亚难民是“恶心的蠕虫”，他曾是极右翼德国国防联盟的成员。 与此同时，《斯特恩》杂志报道称，当地选择党政客鲁道夫·穆勒一直在他位于萨尔州的古董店出售违禁的纳粹用具。
相关：德国反移民党在家乡击败默克尔的政党
德国选择党官员很快否认极右倾向，称该组织基于民主价值观，并坚称它不是“右翼民粹主义政党”。
德国选择党发言人罗纳德·格莱泽 (Ronald Glaeser) 告诉 NBC 新闻：“每个政党，尤其是年轻政党，都会吸引怪人、麻烦制造者和傻瓜。”他认为，他的组织在发展过程中需要调动其“自我清洁能力”。
该党成立于 2013 年 2 月，最初吸引了反欧盟选民，但当德国的“欢迎文化”迎来了超过 110 万难民后，该党开始取得强劲成果，开始关注反移民政策。
柏林市长迈克尔·穆勒对德国选择党的崛起感到担忧。
德国技术大学的政治学家沃纳·帕策尔特教授表示，当德国人看到移民源源不断地涌入以及安格拉·默克尔的门户开放政策带来的成本不断上升时，“许多选民对政治体制产生了强烈的不满和不信任”。 大学在德累斯顿。
帕策尔特解释说，在“追求真相的勇气”的口号下，选择党能够动员心怀不满的非选民、摇摆不定的选民和“不再感到德国历史悠久的政党代表”的人们。
帕策尔特说，默克尔领导的基督教民主党忽视了将右翼保守派纳入党内，导致许多选民“在政治上无家可归”。
德国选择党发言人格莱泽表示，造成这种情况的罪魁祸首是失败的政策，他认为“无视公众多数意愿的政治家将不得不面对阻力。”
分析人士认为，这种公众的强烈反对在包括美国在内的越来越多的西方国家中引起了共鸣。
德国议会外交委员会主席诺伯特·罗特根（Norbert Roettgen）在周一克林顿与特朗普的首次辩论后对公共广播公司德国电视二台（ZDF）表示：“特朗普表达了一种沮丧和被孤立的情绪，这种情况在社会上很普遍。”
“廉价的宣传，制造恐惧，这是西方的现象，”属于默克尔政党的罗特根说。 “特朗普将其推向极端，但我们在欧洲、德国也看到了这种情况，”罗特根补充道。
向右转是要付出代价的：专家
与此同时，德国官员警告说，社会右倾会带来巨大的经济风险，疏远潜在投资者和新企业，尤其是在东方。
历史名城德累斯顿已经经历了经济衰退，部分原因是大规模的反伊斯兰和反外国人 PEGIDA 示威活动动摇了这个巴洛克风格的旅游胜地。 据 CNBC 报道，2016 年 1 月至 7 月期间，按在该市过夜停留计算，国内游客数量同比下降 3.7%。
DMG 德累斯顿营销主管贝蒂娜·邦吉 (Bettina Bunge) 在一份声明中表示：“仇外言论和事件损害了这座城市的良好声誉，尤其影响了国内旅游行为。”
为了应对“PEGIDA 效应”和其他因素，例如对恐怖主义的恐惧，她的办公室发起了一项旨在克服文化和社会偏见的运动。
德累斯顿将于 10 月 1 日至 3 日举办今年以“搭建桥梁”为口号的德国统一庆祝活动，届时，德累斯顿将有机会以更积极、更丰富多彩的方式展现自己。
但 PEGIDA 和 AfD 也将在街头举行集会，纪念 10 月 3 日德国“统一日”。
安迪·埃卡特
安迪·埃卡特 (Andy Eckardt) 是 NBC 新闻欧洲部副主任。 他居住在德国美因茨。
Germany's Populist Right-Wing AfD Party Draws Comparison to Nazis
A surge in support for the right-wing Alternative for Germany party has raised fears of a return to darker times.
Supporters of the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) party display anti-Merkel placards during a demonstration against the German government's asylum policy organized by the AfD party in Berlin on Nov. 7, 2015.AFP/Getty Images
MAINZ, Germany — Voters in Berlin — once the epicenter of Adolf Hitler's dark Nazi regime — were given an unusually strong warning from the city's mayor in the run-up to recent local elections.
Michael Mueller, a member of the center-left Social Democrats, warned that double-digit gains for the right-wing AfD party would be interpreted worldwide as a "return of the right and the Nazis in Germany.”
The warning had little effect.
Days later, Mueller and the political establishment were left stunned when the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party took 14 percent of the vote.
Charlotte Knobloch, the former head of Germany’s Jewish community and a Holocaust survivor, was among the voices calling on Germany’s mainstream parties to prevent a “brown renaissance.”
The success of a party that "disgustingly stirs up hatred against minorities," makes Nazi terminology and thesis “socially acceptable” and “cannot credibly distance itself from neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers, is a ... nightmare," she warned.
While the AfD has been celebrating election gains — it is on the verge of becoming Germany's third-strongest political force, according to recent polls — it has been battling the label of an extremist party over its anti-Islam stance and a number of controversies surrounding some of its members.
Last week, it came under renewed criticism for providing a home to politicians who support far-right ideologies.
Kay Nerstheimer, an AfD candidate for Berlin’s state parliament, reportedly called Syrian refugees “disgusting worms” on his Facebook page and was once a member of the far-right German Defense League. Meanwhile, magazine Stern reported that local AfD politician Rudolf Mueller had been selling banned Nazi paraphernalia at his antique shop in the state of Saarland.
Related: German Anti-Immigrant Party Beats Merkel's Party in Home State
AfD officials were quick to deny far-right tendencies, saying the organization is based on democratic values and insisting it was not "a right-wing populist party.”
“Every party, especially young ones, attract odd birds, troublemakers and fools,” AfD spokesman Ronald Glaeser told NBC News, arguing that his organization needed to mobilize its “self-cleaning powers” as it grew.
The party, founded in February 2013, initially appealed to anti-European Union voters but began to focus on anti-migrant policies when started to record strong gains when Germany’s “welcoming culture” saw the arrival of more than 1.1 million refugees.
Berlin's mayor Michael Mueller worries about the rise of the AfD.
As Germans saw what seemed to be an unremitting influx of migrants and rising costs from Angela Merkel's open-door policy, “a strong dissatisfaction and mistrust grew among many voters towards the political establishment," said professor Werner Patzelt, a political scientist at the Technical University in Dresden.
Merkel's Christian Democrats have neglected to integrate right-wing conservatives into their party, leaving many voters "politically homeless,” Patzelt said.
AfD spokesman Glaeser said failed policies were to blame for the situation, arguing that “politicians who ignore the will of the public majority will have to expect resistance.”
Analysts believe this public backlash has echoes in a growing number of western countries — including the United States.
“Trump is an expression of frustration, of being left alone, which is widespread in society,” Norbert Roettgen, head of the Foreign Council in Germany's parliament, told public broadcaster ZDF after Monday's first Clinton-Trump debate.
“Cheap propaganda, creating fear, that is a western phenomenon,” said Roettgen, who belongs to Merkel’s party. “Trump carries it to the extremes, but we also see this in Europe, in Germany,” Roettgen added.
Move to the Right Comes at a Cost: Experts
Meanwhile, German officials are warning that a rightward shift in society bares strong economic risks, alienating potential investors and new businesses, especially in the East.
The historic city of Dresden has already experienced an economic set-back, blamed partly on massive anti-Islam and anti-foreigner PEGIDA demonstrations that have shaken the baroque tourist destination. According to CNBC, domestic visitor numbers were down 3.7 percent year on year in the period of January to July 2016, based on overnight stays in the city.
“The xenophobic remarks and incidents damaged the good reputation of the city and especially impacted domestic travel behavior,” Bettina Bunge, head of Dresden Marketing, DMG, said in a statement.
To counter the “PEGIDA effect” and other factors, such as fears of terrorism, her office launched a campaign aimed at overcoming cultural and social bias.
Dresden will have an opportunity to present itself in a more positive and colorful light, when it hosts this year’s celebration of German unification under the motto “Building Bridges” from October 1-3.
But PEGIDA and the AfD will also be in the streets for rallies marking German "unification day," October 3.
Andy Eckardt
Andy Eckardt is the Deputy Director, Europe, for NBC News. He is based in Mainz, Germany.
