关于诗的点题

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不久前在国内一个诗坛贴了一首七绝旧作,题目为《观北欧女郎骑马有作》:

雪霁山林若粉妆,

女郎骋马出围墙。

玉骢蹴得银尘去,

一片嘶声震短冈。

一位朋友读后认为诗中第二句女郎二字不该用,原因是题目中已有了,嘱我“要惜墨如金”。我不认为这个意见是对的,因为女郎二字在诗中起着点题的作用。这诗题目中最要紧的有两处,一是女性,二是骑马,在诗中不能不点。诗要做到题和诗浑然一体,不脱节,方法之一就是点题。不能一概因为题目中有了,诗中就可省。古人评诗作诗很讲究点题这一点。李白那首题为《朝发白帝》的七绝,第一句就是“朝辞白帝彩云间”,这题目在诗中差不多全重复了。人们不能说他浪费字墨。因为这是关键词,得点。

点题,可明点,也可暗点,因诗意的需要而定。比如李商隐那首《夜雨寄北》,第一句“君问归期未有期”,就点了题中那寄字,此处是暗点。第二句“巴山夜雨涨秋池”,点了夜雨,明点。能怪他题中有夜雨就不该再用这词吗?诗如果不点题,有时就让人读不懂,或生岐义。那诗坛有一位女诗友,很有才。写了一首七绝咏元宵。诗中有重帘,有窗前红烛,有灯笼,有情意绵绵,但没有点元宵。我跟贴说她这诗更像写新婚之夜。后来她就改了。

诗和题虽然应该统一,但诗不靠题传世,因为它是相对独立的。所以旧体诗的题目有时十分简单,就写偶作,偶感,但照样传世。因为诗写得好,人不看题但读诗就能会意。只要想想千百年来那些流传于口的好诗好词,又有多少人们还清楚地记得他们的题目呢?

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