我为什么给台湾“民主”打引号？

拙文《 从台湾的“民主”看中国的未来 》引起一些读者的关注，同时也带来不少争议，有网友质疑“为什么要给台湾“民主”打引号呢？

其实，我在原文里已经说明了：我为什么要给台湾这个“民主国家”打上引号？因为，真正的民主理念要超越狭隘的地区族裔观。台湾如果认识到民主的真谛，就要显示出民主的大度，不是你死我活的派别斗争，目前蓝绿两个阵营似乎不是在为同一个民主理念争论，而是敌我双方争夺一个地盘。

具体来说，在篮绿阵营之间，不是一个为共同民主理念奋斗的整体，而是你死我活的小团体，难怪有台湾媒体评论说，蓝绿是台湾帮派斗争的缩影。我注意到这样的新闻，前不久马英九和蔡英文出席一个活动，但“同场不同台”，主办方刻意安排两人保持一段距离，马蔡相视也形同陌路——这哪儿有一点民主的氛围和气度？

我又提到，美国大选时唇枪舌剑，但最终失败的一方能甘愿为胜利一方“打工”，加拿大反对党领导人去世，执政党为其举行前所未有的隆重葬礼，我想如果马英九现在死了，绿营的领袖和追随者们或许会像老毛听到周恩来去世放鞭炮那样庆祝一番吧？

这样的文化心理谈“民主”是否有点奢侈了？

更重要的是，在国共之间，一个真正的民主政府，不应该视另一方为仇敌，60多年过去了，应该是“相逢一笑泯恩仇”的时候了，台湾应该有民主的气度来主动和大陆沟通，积极三通，打好民主牌，促使大陆朝民主自由的方向迈进。

可现实并不如此，台湾领导人，尤其绿营，还是严重的意识形态加上冷战思维，视大陆还是红色的共产主义，敬“鬼神”而远之。

不错，台湾有了民主所应具备的一切“硬件”，可是这些硬件过“硬”吗？看看新闻自由，言论自由，结党自由……，如果你关注台湾新闻不难发现诸如“政府花錢「買新聞」，台灣民主的大騙局，新聞廣告沒防線，三十萬買一個「專訪」”这样的消息。台湾眼下花钱买选票，贿选也不算新闻。当年国民党在大陆也搞过“民主”选举——选蒋家送一条毛巾，选宋家送一只茶杯……。

如果台湾有过硬的“自由”，我想看看在台湾能否发表出版赞扬共产党，支持统一的言论和书籍（也许有了，我孤陋寡闻），如果大陆商人去台湾开厂，能否在厂内设立共产党党支部，公开活动？台湾民众是否可以成立“共产党”？如果不能，这样的言论自由和结党自由也是要被打上引号甚至一个问号的。

当然，给台湾民主打上引号不意味着否定台湾在中国走向民主道路上作为先驱的历史地位，正像这位网友指出的那样：“一个二十多年前一党专制的独裁政权，二十几年成为世界公认的民主政体，你还嫌不够？”

如果单纯的纵向比较，台湾的确值得每一个中国人称赞。同理，一个30多年前一穷二白，任何商品都要凭票供应，一人独裁的政权，用了30年GDP名列世界前茅，神五神六加天宫，政权平稳过渡，集体领导，为什么好多人还嫌不够？

每一个关心中华民族命运的人除了纵向看还要横向比较，横向看，我们（台湾和大陆）的差距还很大，寻找不足总比整天歌功颂德要好得多。

说到底，有很多争议是因为概念的定义差别造成的，这里有必要回过头来定义一下“民主”，尤其是“美式民主”。

很多人以为，美式民主是普世价值，任何人只要拿过来就万事大吉了。在我看来，美国的两党轮流执政的总统制只适合美国，从一定意义上看，美国的驴和象本质上没有多大的区别，美国人是不会允许共产党和驴象同台竞争的。这一点，加拿大作的好，新民主党（NDP）本质上是一个社会主义政党，它在议会里真正起到了一个反对党的制约作用，和其他诸多的在野党一起平衡了代表资本主义政党的许多极端做法。驴和象轮流做庄，都是自家人，如果有一个真正意义上的反对党，或许伊拉克阿富汗战争就打不起来。

驴象不也是一定意义上的“独裁”吗？美国人民真的当家作主了？看看这两天的花街吧。 

其实，我们看问题都难免带有偏见，一旦内心喜欢了一个概念，heart有了偏差，mind也不能公正地思考了。尤其是自以为抱着一个高尚的理念，就忽视了根本的症结。

民主说到底，不但要有硬件，更重要的是软件。台湾麻雀虽小，五脏俱全，什么新闻自由，司法独立，军队国有样样俱全，但是具有五脏的麻雀并不都会飞翔。

民主的软件是灵魂和思想。民主首先要有平等还要有自由——这两点是海峡两岸的中国人都缺乏的，所以我说让大陆“修改宪法，取消党禁，让共产党、国民党、民进党在一个起跑线上竞争让全体中国人民选择”，有网友马上说“都换了？如果价值观不改变? 我不同意你的看法.”——其实这也是我一贯的看法，文化的深层结构（价值观）不变，只照搬一些硬件是无济于事的，但是，我们能不能从硬件开始？有了硬件才能慢慢装软件嘛！

最后一点，我是一个呆板的人，比较认同定量的分析。

在英国权威的“Economist Intelligence Unit”公布的全球民主排行榜中（见附表），台湾民主列第36为，在“完全民主”、“不健全民主”、“杂交政体”和“独裁政权”四大类中属第二类。

毫无疑问，第一类的26国绝大多数都是当之无愧的民主国家，（加拿大名列第九，美国第17）而第二类的“不健全民主”，我认为绝大多数都有愧“民主”这个称号。不错，从第27名的佛德尔角到第79位的马里，都“还是位于世界200多国家的前列的，还是有民主可谈的”，但你问一下身处独裁专制的中国人，有几个愿意去这些国家移民的？

这个排名如何得来的呢？其标准按60多项指标分五大类：选举程序和多党制，国民自由，政府功能，政治参与和政治文化。

我想，台湾失分的很可能是政府功能，政治参与和政治文化。这样一个“flawed”的政体说他是“世界公认的民主政体”有些一厢情愿了，而给它打一个引号，也算名副其实吧。

民主的建设不是一个简单的过程，如今，伊拉克、埃及、突尼斯、利比亚等都推翻了独裁，可它们能算是“民主”国家吗？我不但有引号，还有问号。

远的不说，看看被里根称赞为“亚洲民主灯塔”的菲律宾，人家也是样样硬件一个不差，可是菲律宾的现状如何？美式民主在那里已经成了“3G”——枪（gun）、帮派（gang）和金钱（gold）——这倒是“世界公认的”。

还是那个老生常谈，价值观是关键，在一个未经“去魅”的传统社会里，大部分成员仍然生活于传统的文化观念中，他们当然是使用传统的方法依靠传统价值观来解决所面临的问题。在这种情况下，即使最先进的民主制度也会出现“橘逾淮则枳”的后果。 

20世纪以来，此类现象屡见不鲜，看看英国先进的政治制度到了印度后怎样？我同样要给印度的“民主”打引号的，印度根深蒂固的种族等级文化不消除，没有真正意义上的平等和自由，民主在印度也就是一个花瓶而已。

同样，在茉莉花开过的埃及，终将难以摆脱精英专制与伊斯兰原教旨专制的两极震荡。不错，突尼斯与埃及的革命，根源是专制制度的腐败，但我们不能不看到，这种制度能够在这一地区长期普遍实行，自有一定的“合理性”，虽然其本质是少数精英对多数大众的非理性统治。而当这种“合理性”遭到挑战，取而代之的仅仅是伊斯兰原教旨主义的复兴。和中国历史上一轮轮农民起义相似，在阿拉伯的历史上，这茉莉花不过是又一轮的折腾而已。

这个话题又是一个潘多拉的盒子，我们有空再打开吧。

最后，再次为台湾开启中华民族迈向民主之路的先河表示衷心的祝贺，同时祝愿海峡两岸的中国人携手并进，一起迈向光明。

***********************************************
附表：2010年世界民主排行榜：

No.	Location	Index	Category	Nominal type of government
1	Norway	9.80	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
2	Iceland	9.65	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
3	Denmark	9.52	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
4	Sweden	9.50	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
5	New Zealand	9.26	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
6	Australia	9.22	Full democracy	Federalism, constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
7	Finland	9.19	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
8	Switzerland	9.09	Full democracy	Federalism, directorial system, bicameralism
9	Canada	9.08	Full democracy	Federalism, constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism, semi-direct democracy
10	Netherlands	8.99	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
11	Luxembourg	8.88	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
12	Ireland	8.79	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
13	Austria	8.49	Full democracy	Federalism, parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
14	Germany	8.38	Full democracy	Federalism, parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
15	Malta	8.28	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
16	Czech Republic	8.19	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
17	United States	8.18	Full democracy	Federalism, constitutional republic, presidential system, bicameralism
19	Spain	8.16	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
19	United Kingdom	8.16	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
20	Korea, South !  South Korea	8.11	Full democracy	Presidential system, unicameralism
21	Uruguay	8.10	Full democracy	Presidential system, bicameralism
22	Japan	8.08	Full democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
23	Belgium	8.05	Full democracy	Federalism, constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
24	Mauritius	8.04	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy
24	Costa Rica	8.04	Full democracy	Presidential system
26	Portugal	8.02	Full democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy
27	Cape Verde	7.94	Flawed democracy	Unitary parliamentary republic
28	Greece	7.92	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy
29	Italy	7.83	Flawed democracy	Bicameralism, parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy
30	South Africa	7.79	Flawed democracy	Constitutional democracy, bicameralism
31	France	7.77	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, bicameralism
32	Slovenia	7.69	Flawed democracy	Constitutional democracy, incomplete bicameralism
33	Estonia	7.68	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
34	Chile	7.67	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, bicameralism
35	Botswana	7.63	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
36	Taiwan (Republic of China) !  Republic of China (Taiwan)	7.52	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system
37	Israel	7.48	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
38	Slovakia	7.35	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
39	Cyprus	7.29	Flawed democracy	Presidential republic, unicameralism
40	India	7.28	Flawed democracy	Federalism, constitutional republic, parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
41	Lithuania	7.24	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential republic, unicameralism
42	Timor-Leste	7.22	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
43	Hungary	7.21	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
43	Jamaica	7.21	Flawed democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism
45	Trinidad and Tobago	7.16	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
46	Panama	7.15	Flawed democracy	Constitutional democracy
47	Brazil	7.12	Flawed democracy	Federalism, presidential system, bicameralism
48	Poland	7.05	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, bicameralism
48	Latvia	7.05	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
50	Mexico	6.93	Flawed democracy	Federalism, presidential system, republic
51	Argentina	6.84	Flawed democracy	Federalism, presidential system, bicameralism
51	Bulgaria	6.84	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary democracy
53	Croatia	6.81	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic, unicameralism
54	Suriname	6.65	Flawed democracy	Constitutional democracy
55	Sri Lanka	6.64	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, democratic socialist republic
56	Romania	6.60	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, bicameralism
57	Colombia	6.55	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, republic
57	Thailand	6.55	Flawed democracy	Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy, bicameralism
59	Papua New Guinea	6.54	Flawed democracy	Federalism, constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy
60	Indonesia	6.53	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, republic
61	El Salvador	6.47	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, republic
62	Paraguay	6.40	Flawed democracy	Constitutional republic, presidential system
62	Peru	6.40	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, republic, unicameralism
64	Mongolia	6.36	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, republic
65	Serbia	6.33	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
65	Moldova	6.33	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
67	Ukraine	6.30	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, republic
68	Montenegro	6.27	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
69	Namibia	6.23	Flawed democracy	Republic
70	Dominican Republic	6.20	Flawed democracy	Democratic republic, representative democracy
71	Malaysia	6.19	Flawed democracy	Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy
72	Benin	6.17	Flawed democracy	Republic
73	Macedonia	6.16	Flawed democracy	Parliamentary republic
74	Philippines	6.12	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, constitutional republic, bicameralism
75	Guyana	6.05	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system, republic
75	Guatemala	6.05	Flawed democracy	Presidential republic
77	Lesotho	6.02	Flawed democracy	Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary system
77	Ghana	6.02	Flawed democracy	Presidential system, constitutional republic
79	Mali	6.01	Flawed democracy	Semi-presidential system
80	Hong Kong	5.92	Hybrid regime	Quasi-presidential Autonomous region with limited suffrage, unicameralism
80	Bolivia	5.92	Hybrid regime	Presidential republic, unitary state
82	Singapore	5.89	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
83	Bangladesh	5.87	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic, unitary state
84	Albania	5.86	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
85	Malawi	5.84	Hybrid regime	Republic
86	Lebanon	5.82	Hybrid regime	Confessionalist parliamentary republic
87	Ecuador	5.77	Hybrid regime	Presidential system
88	Honduras	5.76	Hybrid regime	Constitutional republic
89	Turkey	5.73	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
89	Nicaragua	5.73	Hybrid regime	Presidential republic
91	Zambia	5.68	Hybrid regime	Republic
92	Tanzania	5.64	Hybrid regime	Republic
93	Palestine	5.44	Hybrid regime	Semi-presidential system, parliamentary democracy
94	Bosnia and Herzegovina	5.32	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
95	Senegal	5.27	Hybrid regime	Semi-presidential system
96	Venezuela	5.18	Hybrid regime	Federalism, presidential system
97	Liberia	5.07	Hybrid regime	Presidential Republic
98	Uganda	5.05	Hybrid regime	Presidential system, republic
99	Mozambique	4.90	Hybrid regime	Presidential system
100	Cambodia	4.87	Hybrid regime	Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy
101	Kenya	4.71	Hybrid regime	Presidential system
102	Bhutan	4.68	Hybrid regime	Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy
103	Georgia	4.59	Hybrid regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
104	Pakistan	4.55	Hybrid regime	Islamic republic, federalism, parliamentary republic
105	Sierra Leone	4.51	Hybrid regime	Constitutional republic
106	Kyrgyzstan	4.31	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
107	Russia	4.26	Hybrid regime	Federalism, semi-presidential system, bicameralism
108	Nepal	4.24	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
109	Armenia	4.09	Hybrid regime	Presidential republic
110	Burundi	4.01	Hybrid regime	Republic
111	Haiti	4.00	Hybrid regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
111	Iraq	4.00	Hybrid regime	Parliamentary republic
113	Madagascar	3.94	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
114	Kuwait	3.88	Authoritarian regime	Constitutional monarchy
115	Mauritania	3.86	Authoritarian regime	Islamic republic
116	Morocco	3.79	Authoritarian regime	Constitutional monarchy
117	Jordan	3.74	Authoritarian regime	Constitutional monarchy
118	Ethiopia	3.68	Authoritarian regime	Federalism, parliamentary republic
119	Fiji	3.62	Authoritarian regime	Military Junta
120	Burkina Faso	3.59	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
121	Cuba	3.52	Authoritarian regime	Socialist republic, single-party communist state
122	Bahrain	3.49	Authoritarian regime	Absolute monarchy
123	Nigeria	3.47	Authoritarian regime	Federalism, presidential system
124	Togo	3.45	Authoritarian regime	Republic
125	Algeria	3.44	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
126	Cameroon	3.41	Authoritarian regime	Republic
126	Comoros	3.41	Authoritarian regime	Federal Republic
128	Niger	3.38	Authoritarian regime	Military Junta
128	Gambia, The !  The Gambia	3.38	Authoritarian regime	Republic
130	Belarus	3.34	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
131	Angola	3.32	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
132	Kazakhstan	3.30	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
133	Gabon	3.29	Authoritarian regime	Republic
134	Rwanda	3.25	Authoritarian regime	Republic
135	Azerbaijan	3.15	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
136	China, People's Republic of !  People's Republic of China	3.14	Authoritarian regime	People's democratic dictatorship, single-party communist state
137	Qatar	3.09	Authoritarian regime	Constitutional monarchy
138	Egypt	3.07	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential system, Republic
139	Côte d'Ivoire	3.02	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
140	Vietnam	2.94	Authoritarian regime	Socialist republic, single-party communist state
141	Swaziland	2.90	Authoritarian regime	Absolute monarchy
142	Congo, Republic of the !  Republic of the Congo	2.89	Authoritarian regime	Republic
143	Oman	2.86	Authoritarian regime	Islamic absolute monarchy
144	Guinea	2.79	Authoritarian regime	Military junta
144	Tunisia	2.79	Authoritarian regime	Republic
146	Zimbabwe	2.64	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential, parliamentary, consociationalist republic
146	Yemen	2.64	Authoritarian regime	Republic
148	United Arab Emirates	2.52	Authoritarian regime	Federalism, constitutional monarchy
149	Tajikistan	2.51	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system
150	Afghanistan	2.48	Authoritarian regime	Islamic republic
151	Sudan	2.42	Authoritarian regime	Federalism, presidential system, republic
152	Eritrea	2.31	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential republic
152	Syria	2.31	Authoritarian regime	Presidential system, single party, republic
154	Djibouti	2.20	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential republic
155	Congo, Democratic Republic of the !  Democratic Republic of the Congo	2.15	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential republic
156	Laos	2.10	Authoritarian regime	Socialist republic, single-party communist state
157	Guinea-Bissau	1.99	Authoritarian regime	Semi-presidential system, republic
158	Libya	1.94	Authoritarian regime	Until 2011 Jamahiriya ("State of the masses")
158	Iran	1.94	Authoritarian regime	Islamic republic
160	Equatorial Guinea	1.84	Authoritarian regime	Presidential republic
160	Saudi Arabia	1.84	Authoritarian regime	Islamic absolute monarchy
162	Central African Republic	1.82	Authoritarian regime	Republic
163	Myanmar (Burma)	1.77	Authoritarian regime	Military junta (de facto military dictatorship)
164	Uzbekistan	1.74	Authoritarian regime	Presidential republic
165	Turkmenistan	1.72	Authoritarian regime	Presidential republic, single-party state
166	Chad	1.52	Authoritarian regime	Republic
167	Korea, North !  North Korea	1.08	Authoritarian regime	Socialist republic, single-party communist state, Juche regime, police state