文献索引: 第十八章 蝴蝶效应

行万里路读万卷书,玩是人生的最高境界
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·    蝴蝶效应 – Butterfly Effect, 由混沌理论的奠基人之一,麻省理工学院教授,数学家和气象学家爱德华·洛仑兹 (Edward Lorenz) 提出,用于形象描述非线性动力学系统对初始条件的高度敏感性。参见John D. Cox 原著,北京大学闻新宇、贾 喆、朱清照翻译《风暴守望者: 天气预报风云史》(Storm Watcher : The Turbulent History of Weather Prediction From Franklin's Kite to El Niño) 之第26章《爱德华·洛仑兹:混沌的计算》。网上pdf 文件:http://www.phy.pku.edu.cn/climate/download/publication/book-stormwatcher/pdf/StormWatcher.pdf。  
·    深锁在嫏嬛里的蠹鱼 -- 《老残游记》第八回:
沧苇遵王士礼居,艺芸精舍四家书。
一齐归入东昌府,深锁嫏嬛饱蠹鱼!
·    金融衍生品和信用衍生品 – 金融衍生品可分为四大类:远期合约 (Forwards)、期货 (Futures)、期权 (Options)、和互换 (Swaps)。参见下述文献:
o    国际货币基金组织 (IMF): Eleventh Meeting of the IMF Committee on Balance of Payments Statistics (https://www.imf.org/external/bopage/pdf/98-1-20.pdf)。关于保险不属于金融衍生品,参见 Section 5:“Insurance is not a form of financial derivative. Insurance contracts provide individual institutional units exposed to certain risks with financial protection against the consequences of the occurrence of specified events, many of which cannot be expressed in terms of market prices. Insurance is a form of financial intermediation in which funds are collected from policyholders and invested in financial or other assets which are held as technical reserves to meet future claims arising from the occurrence of the events specified in the insurance policies: that is, insurance manages event risk primarily by the pooling, not the trading, of risk.”
o    IGC: Derivatives in Financial Market Development (http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~rsundara/papers/RangarajanSundaramFinal.pdf)。
o    复旦大学范龙振和胡畏《金融工程学》,上海人民出版社,2003 上海 (http://cfa.goldenglobal.org.cn/uploadfile/append_file/%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E4%B8%8B%E8%BD%BD/CFA%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99/%E5%A4%8D%E6%97%A6%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%94%9F%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%8A%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B.pdf) 。
o    中国铁建股份有限公司: 金融衍生产品基础知识 (http://www.crcc.cn/portals/0/pdf/lljy/20120425_%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86.pdf)。
o    JP Morgan:  The J. P. Morgan Guide to Credit Derivatives (http://www.investinginbonds.com/assets/files/Intro_to_Credit_Derivatives.pdf)。
o    Lehman Brothers: Credit Derivatives Explained (http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~igiddy/structured/LehmanCredDerivs.pdf)  。
·    公孙龙子的“白马非马”—原文不长,抄在这里:
“白马非马,可乎?”曰:“可。”
曰:“何哉?”曰:“马者,所以命形也。白者,所以命色也。命色者,非命形也,故曰白马非马。”
曰:“有白马,不可谓无马也。不可谓无马者,非马也?有白马为有马,白之非马,何也?”
曰:“求马,黄、黑马皆可致。求白马,黄、黑马不可致。使白马乃马也,是所求一也,所求一者,白者不异马也。所求不异,如黄、黑马有可有不可,何也?可与不可其相非明。故黄、黑马一也,而可以应有马,而不可以应有白马,是白马之非马审矣。”
曰:“以马之有色为非马,天下非有无色之马也。天下无马,可乎?”
曰:“马固有色,故有白马。使马无色,有马如已耳,安取白马?故白者非马也。白马者,马与白也;马与白马也,故曰:白马非马也。”
曰:“马未与白为马,白未与马为白。合马与白,复名白马,是相与以不相与为名,未可。故曰:白马非马,未可。”
曰:“以有白马为有马,谓有白马为有黄马,可乎?”曰:“未可。”曰:“以有马为异有黄马,是异黄马于马也。异黄马于马,是以黄马为非马。以黄马为非马,而以白马为有马;此飞者入池,而棺椁异处;此天下之悖言乱辞也。”
曰:“有白马,不可谓无马者,离白之谓也。是离者有白马不可谓有马也。故所以为有马者,独以马为有马耳,非有白马为有马。故其为有马也,不可以谓马马也。”
曰:“白者不定所白,忘之而可也。白马者,言定所白也。定所白者,非白也。马者无去取于色,故黄、黑皆所以应。白马者,有去取于色,黄、黑马皆所以色去,故唯白马独可以应耳。无去者非有去也。故曰:白马非马。”
·    次贷金融风暴和美国国际集团 – 参见纽约时报文章 “Fed’s $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer”( http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/17/business/17insure.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0) 。
·    关于金融资本模式以及金融资本和产业资本关系 – 参见剑桥大学基督学院 (Christ’s College) Steward Morris 文章 “Discuss the relationship between financial and industrial capital in any two European societies and draw out the implications for corporate ownership control and performance”( http://www.stewartmorris.com/essays/16Lane2.pdf)。
·    巴菲特对金融衍生物的评价 – 参见Berkshire Hathaway Inc 2002 Annual Report (http://www.berkshirehathaway.com/2002ar/2002ar.pdf):“Charlie and I are of one mind in how we feel about derivatives and the trading activities that go with them: We view them as time bombs, both for the parties that deal in them and the economic system. …… In our view, however, derivatives are financial weapons of mass destruction, carrying dangers that, while now latent, are potentially lethal.”
·    芝加哥商品交易所 (芝商所, CME Group) 关于期货和期权交易的25种策略, 中英文版本见https://www.cmegroup.com/education/25_proven_strategies/CME-113_21brochure_SIDE_SR.pdf 以及https://www.cmegroup.com/trading/files/CME-113_BrochureUPDATE_FINAL_SCH.pdf。 
·    长期普通股预期证券 -- Long Term Equity Anticipation Securities, 简称LEAPS“跳高” 期权。参见 Journal of Ecnometrics 92(1999) 文章 “Long-term equity anticipation securities and stock market volatility dynamics”( http://public.econ.duke.edu/~boller/Published_Papers/joe_99.pdf),以及 “Long-Term Equity Anticipation Securities®”(http://www.optionsclearing.com/components/docs/about/publications/leaps_brochure.pdf)。中文科参见 MBA 智库百科《长期期权 (LEAPS)简介》(http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/LEAPS)。
·    孙子兵不贵多而贵精 – 《孙子兵法》之《行军篇第九》:“(兵) 非益多也,惟无武进,足以并力、料敌、取人而已。夫惟无虑而易敌者,必擒于人。”
·    李孙和霸陵银行倒闭事件 -- 霸陵银行(Barings PLC) 在新加坡的金融衍生品操盘手 (Trader) 李孙 (Nicholas Leeson) 投机日经指数 (Nikkei) 金融期货,损失14亿美元,导致有233年历史的霸陵银行倒闭。参见台湾大学国际企业学系黄志典金融案例评析《李森如何英国霸菱银行?》 (http://www.ib.ntu.edu.tw/jdhwang/files2/%E6%9D%8E%E6%A3%AE%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E6%8B%96%E5%9E%AE%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%9C%B8%E8%8F%B1%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C.pdf)。更详细细节参见本章附录一。
·    关于人性的善恶 – 基督教文明主张人的原罪 (Sin), 人性本恶。中国儒家主张人性本善,但其实中国历代所行是“儒表法里。”而法家比如荀子是主张人性本恶的。可参见复旦学报1999年第一期俞吾金文章《关于人性问题的新探索》(http://www.gs.fudan.edu.cn/_upload/article/a9/71/5bb6e1fb4e948c1693c4d0999105/71ab3b9e-b64c-4732-bf8c-89ef6120d145.pdf)。
·    莱昂的皮革原材料的期货市场 – 系作者杜撰,墨西哥的金融业基本是美国的初级版复制本,参见Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) 官网 (http://www.mexder.com.mx/wb3/wb/MEX/contratos_futuro)。在 BMV 交易的大部分期货是股市指数等金融产品,唯一的大宗商品 (Commodities) 是玉米 (Futuro del Maíz Amarillo, Futures of Yellow Corn), 墨西哥的主要粮食。不存在皮革原材料期货市场。
·    株冶事件、中航油事件、和国储铜事件
o    株冶事件:株洲冶炼厂,也就是后来的株洲冶炼集团有限责任公司,是中国最大的铅锌生产和出口基地之一。1997年株冶在伦敦金属交易所 (London Metal Exchange, LME) 的交易员大量卖空锌期货合约,造成1.758亿多美元的损失。
o    中航油事件: 2003 年下半年至2004年底,中航油在新加坡投机做空原油,损失高达3.81亿美元。
o    国储铜事件:2005年国储局在LME做空20万吨铜,相当于当时全国全年产量的1/3,最后被迫平仓。造成的巨额损失因为关系国家安全,外界不得而知。
o    上述中航油事件和国储铜事件都发生在宇文博到美国之后。作者在本书中将之提前了。关于这三次事件的细节可参看本章附录二至四。
·    长期资本管理公司事件 -- Long-Term Capital Management, LTCM。参看本章附录五。
·    黑色星期一从统计意义上来说是不可能发生的 – 参见 巴黎高等商业研究院 (HEC Paris) 教授 Rodolphe Durand 书 “Organizations, Strategy and Society”第一章 “The flaw in the model”第9页:
These statistical models thus formed the basis for a new segment of the financial industry. Researchers in economics and financial professionals convinced themselves of the validity of their theories, then, gradually, they converted policymakers and regulators to their way of thinking. In 1996, well before the black week of September 15, 2008, Mark Rubinstein and Jens Carsten Jackwerth assessed that the stock market crash of October 19, 1987, nicknamed ‘Black Monday’ had been statistically impossible, or more precisely, that the probability of such an event was infinitesimal under common (log-normal distribution) assumptions.

However, these events began to occur more frequently than predicted:
modellers, theorists and practitioners of finance were thrust back into a
reality that failed to obediently follow the formulas used to predict them – and led to their innovating and proposing new models. The actual distribution of events did not follow a normal or Gaussian curve but fat-tailed distributions in which extreme values were more likely. Reality is stubborn: extreme events are de facto more common than expected. The real market does not slavishly abide by the assumptions contained in this model ‘that defines how the world works’ as originally conceived by Alan Greenspan, Mark Rubinstein or Nobel Prize winners Milton Friedman and Robert Merton.
·    有效市场假说和资本资产定价模型 – Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) 和 Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), 参见刘红忠主编《投资学》,高等教育出版社,2003 北京: “第五章 有效市场理论”和“第十二章 投资组合的经典理论“ (ftp://218.31.79.211/%B5%E7%D7%D3%CD%BC%CA%E9/035/F/A2034955.pdf)。
·    布莱克-斯克尔斯期权定价模型 – Black-Scholes option pricing model, 参见复旦大学范龙振和胡畏《金融工程学》, 上海人民出版社,2003 上海:“第8章 股票期权的定价模型“(http://cfa.goldenglobal.org.cn/uploadfile/append_file/%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E4%B8%8B%E8%BD%BD/CFA%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99/%E5%A4%8D%E6%97%A6%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%94%9F%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%8A%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B.pdf)。
·    关于投资组合保险公司 LOR – 参见哈佛商业评论 (Harvard Business Review) 1995年9月号文章 “Leland O’Brien Rubinstein Associates Incoporated: Portfolio Insurance” (http://xxpt.ynjgy.com/resource/data/20070809/U/138/data/jiaoan/11.pdf)。

·    “现金是垃圾”和“现金为王”— “Cash is Trash” 和“Cash is the King”是美国金融投资界两句自相矛盾但似乎都有道理的口号。可参考 National Investor 2015 四月号文章 “Cash is Trash, Opines Yellen”( http://nationalinvestor.com/wp-content/uploads/Cash-is-Trash-March-2015-Issue-No.-2.pdf), 以及旧金山美联储 (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco) President and CEO John C. Williams 文章 “Cash is Dead! Long Live Cash!”( http://www.frbsf.org/files/2012_Annual_Report_Essay.pdf)。
·    执子之手与子偕老 -- 《诗经》“邶风”之《击鼓》
击鼓其镗,踊跃用兵。土国城漕,我独南行。   
从孙子仲,平陈与宋。不我以归,忧心有忡。   
爰居爰处?爰丧其马?于以求之?于林之下。   
死生契阔,与子成说。执子之手,与子偕老。   
于嗟阔兮,不我活兮。于嗟洵兮,不我信兮。

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