ZT-5 Vaccines for Adults-Why (and When)

ZT-成年人需要注射的五种疫苗

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1. Flu shots（流感疫苗）：

6个月婴儿以上者都应该每年注射流感疫苗，尤其是有慢性疾病的人。目前有专门给65岁以上的人的高剂量疫苗，它会提供额外的保护。

 

2. Pneumococcal vaccine（肺炎球菌疫苗）：

65岁以上的人都应该接种此疫苗。不到65岁的吸烟者或患有慢性疾病如糖尿病、心脏病、哮喘、COPD（慢阻肺）等的成年人也需要此疫苗。请咨询自己的医生。

你需要两剂：65岁时注射第一剂 PCV13，一年后再注射第二剂 PPSV23 。

 

3. Tetanus boosters（破伤风加强针）：

破伤风加强针应每10年注射一次。 加强针里至少有一次应该是百白破Tdap(Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis)三联针，可防百日咳。

 

4. Shingles vaccine（带状疱疹疫苗）：

60岁以上者开始注射，且没有年龄上限。

 

5. Hepatitis vaccines（肝炎疫苗）：

目前儿童从出生起就开始注射甲肝、乙肝疫苗。乙肝疫苗不限年龄，适用于所有年龄组。甲肝是食入或饮用到被感染者粪便污染的食物或饮水而引起的。要出国旅行者也可以注射甲肝疫苗。目前还没有丙肝疫苗。

5 Vaccines for Adults: Why (and When) You Need Them- How to protect yourself against serious, sometimes deadly, diseases

来源：https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2017/08/5-vaccines-for-adults-why-and-when-you-need-them/

 

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3 common reasons for chronic cough 慢性咳嗽
https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2017/08/how-doctors-are-cracking-the-code-for-your-chronic-cough/

3 common reasons for chronic cough
Chronic cough is most commonly caused by one of three conditions:

Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS): Post-nasal drip accompanied by frequent nasal drainage and throat-clearing can have several causes, including allgergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis. Allergic rhinitis may be due to airborne allergies (like pollen), irritants (like tobacco smoke), infections (like the common cold) or swelling and congestion caused by blood vessel dilation (vasomotor rhinitis). Chronic sinusitis involves sinus inflammation and drainage.
Asthma: Cough is sometimes the only sign of asthma. Called “cough-variant asthma,” this condition stems from airway inflammation.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): If you have heartburn or a sour taste in your mouth, your cough may be caused by acid back-up into the esophagus. “Some patients do not have classic symptoms of GERD, but their cough can be related to reflux,” notes Dr. Taliercio.
Less common causes of chronic cough include non-infectious bronchitis unrelated to asthma and laryngeal reflux (acid back-up into the throat and voice box).

And to complicate things a bit, “it’s not uncommon to have more than one reason for your chronic cough,” says Dr. Taliercio.

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怎么治？

If you have UACS or asthma, you should experience a 50 percent reduction in your cough within a few weeks of treatment. If you have GERD, it may take several months for anti-reflux therapy to work.

Using this approach works for the majority of patients Dr. Taliercio and Paul Bryson, MD (an ear, nose and throat specialist), see in their Chronic Cough Clinic.

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