发一个读书笔记《冠词》,只做了半本书的笔记,后半部分我有空补上。
薄薄的小册子。我看了两遍,记住其中四分之一的内容就很厉害了。博大高深的英文语法啊!rules and exceptions啊!固定用法习惯用语啊!我只想大喊:HELP!
- u发j开头的词:ubiquitousunilateral universe user unanimous union university usual unicornunique uranium utensil uniform unit urine uterus uniformed united useutility uniformity unity useful utilization unification universaluseless utopian
- f h l m n r s x 发单个音时,以元音开头,the 的e读i,用an
- h开头的词,但有些不发音:heir honest honorary honorable heiress hour
- the被强调时读i: ;a是ei ; an 是梅花音
- 并非每个名词都需要冠词;可以加this,that,his,my,some,no,或零冠词。
- 可数名词绝大多数是具体看得见,摸得着的具体名词。也有一些是抽象名词。比如:address,idea,month,scheme,year,effect,issue,plan,shock,election,method,problem,suggestion,hour,minute,remarks,week。绝大部分抽象名词是不可数。
- 不可数名词不能加不定冠词,没有复数形式。
· 物质名词:具体物质和材料,但不被看作独立个体。比如water,bread,salt。
· 一组物体的名词:furniture,luggage,machinery
· 抽象名词:love,anger,charm,information。除非有前置,后置修饰语,指品质和情感的不可数名词通常不用冠词。
- 常见不可数名词:advice,health,money,traffic,baggage,homework,music,travel,behavior,information,news,wealth,equipment,knowledge,progress,weather,furniture,luggage,research,hair,machinery,shopping。
- 常见复数名词:arms,effects,particulars,stalls,clothes,funds,premises,surroundings,congratulations,goods,regards,thanks,contents,looks,remains,troops,customs,odds,savings,wages,earnings,papers,spirits。划线的词的单数形式意义不一样。
貌似复数的不可数名词:news,economics,mathematics,physics。
- 同时是可数和不可数名词的:
- 指物质当物质名词不可数;或单个物品是可数。bone,cord, muscle, rock, toffee, cabbage, egg, onion, rope, wire, cake,fish, pie, stew, chicken, fog, powder, stone, chocolate, fruit,pudding, string, cloud, lettuce, ribbon, thread.
- 抽象名词表一般状态或过程不可数,或者某个实际状态或过程可数。ambition,divorce,marriage,retreat,analysis, doubt, meaning,sound,attack,escape,murder,suicide,change,failure,noise,suspicion,conflict,famine,opportunity,theft,controversy,fear,pain,victory,death,hope, pregnancy, war, desire, improvement, pretest, difficulty, investment, rebellion, disagreement, life, recession.
- 不可数名词转化成a unit of时变可数。Beer, Coke, rum, vodka, brandy, gin, sherry, whiskey, coffee, lager, sugar, yogurt. 在餐厅用,家里不用。
- 不可数名词转化成a type of时变可数。Beer,jam, paint, whisky, brandy, lager, perfume, wine, cheese, meat, sauce, wood, coffee, medicine, soup, detergent, metal, tea.
- 可数变不可数:如果可数名词前面加了a type of; a sort of; a variety of, a breed of,可数就变不可数了。Types of ;kinds of后面的名词可以是复数也可以是单数形式。
- 单复数形式意义不同:accommodation,experience,law,speech,air, faith, light, study, beauty, game, memory, talk, business, glass,paper, time, charity, grammar, play, tin, charm, history, reason,trust, cold, iron, room, wood, dinner, language, rubber, work,education, lamb, space, youth.
- 不可数名词加上a piece of后,可表达单个物件。另有,an item of;a bit of。具体连用:aloaf of bread; a slice of bread; a crumb of bread; a lump of sugar, aspoonful of sugar, a grain of sand/rice, a drop of water/ink, a bar ofsoap/chocolate, an article/an item of clothing.
- 统称泛指(不可数)和 一项/次或多项/次。Laughter-a laugh; poetry-a poem; trouble-a problem; luggage-a suitcase/bag; play-a game; machinery-a machine; room-a space.
- 不定冠词:
· 首次出现的泛指名词前,无法确定具体人和事时。再次提及该名词时用定冠词,人称代词或one(泛指)连用。复数可数名词前可以不加限定词;再次提及时,用定冠词或人称代词连用。
· 泛指某一类型中任何事物任何人。特别是want,look for,need等动词后或者在疑问句和否定句里更典型。复数可数名词不需要与限定词连用。
· 在be, seem, look, sound等系动词做主要动词的句子里,不定冠词可以修饰名词;不定冠词可以修饰工作和职业。
· 通常量词前,不定冠词和one可以互换。但是“很多次“的习语用a,是固定的。两个量词一起用比如inch,foot,只能用one。分数与one和不定冠词都可连用,但one与half连用多。习语里half an hour例外。第一次提及某人某事是,精确强调只牵涉一个人和一件事时用one。One more=another。对比一对,一组事物是,用one。One做代词时,用于不定冠词开头的名词词组,此词组必须包括一个形容词。这类词组指刚提及的某事物同类东西。
· 不定冠词表示比率,价格,工资,速度。Each和every代替不定冠词时表示更强调,per用于学术性正式文章。
· 许多抽象不可数名词被形容词修饰时,可跟不可冠词连用。但如果不强调个体或者特殊性质,可以不跟不定冠词。抽象不可数名词除了用形容词修饰,还可以用that从句加以限制。