全国保护地体系保护融资计划指南及早期教程》（第31-33页，英汉对照）
原文: 马龙•弗洛雷斯, 吉列尔莫•里韦罗, 费尔南多•莱昂, 吉列尔莫•陈等
汉译: 惠兰
Financial Planning for National Systems of Protected Areas: Guidelines and Early Lessons
By Marlon Flores, Guillermo Rivero, Fernando León, Guillermo Chan, et al.
Translated by Huilan
Two examples of useful levels of analysis for the preselection of mechanisms are presented below:
The first level of analysis is based on the comparison of the expected financial impact and the complexity of implementing the mechanism. Financial impact is defined as the capacity to generate financial resources, while respecting environmental and social standards.
Complexity includes variables such as duration, multisectoral coordination required, and the need for legal, institutional and administrative reforms, among others.
This first level of analysis makes it possible to identify which financial mechanisms would have a greater or lesser impact, and which would involve a greater or lesser complexity of implementation. The results of this analysis helps planners eliminate a number of financial options, thereby reducing the time and cost of conducting a true cost-benefits analysis to all mechanisms.
This method of preselecting financial mechanisms is more effective if carried out through qualitative data gathering methods, including: interviews with key staff, workshops, focus groups, and the review of reports and previous research. The application of the method should be adapted to local or national conditions.
Figure 4 presents an example of the application of an impact-complexity analysis to a set of financial mechanisms being considered to support the sustainability of a protected area. In the example, the eight mechanisms listed below were identified after exploring possible goods and services (such as hikes, scenic value, water resources) the area has to offer, as well as potential clients (such as tourists, film producers, the water company).
As can be seen, Mechanism collection of spare Change is located in the “Low Impact ? Low Complexity” quadrant. Implementing this mechanism may only require coin collection boxes and a sign appealing to tourists to leave their spare change as a contribution to the preservation of biodiversity. In general, mechanisms that fall within this quadrant known as “rapid results”
Mechanisms 2, 3, and 4 sale of souvenirs, volunteer program, and voluntary donations in restaurant and hotel accounts are located in the “High Impact Low Complexity” quadrant, suggesting that their implementation should be a high priority. Generally, mechanisms located in this quadrant require a good level of coordination and good relations with other stakeholders in order to facilitate implementation. As a result, these mechanisms can be implemented in the short and medium term. Normally, they do not require exhaustive studies, although there may be cases in which it is necessary to gather specific information to facilitate the analysis, but they do require concrete action plans to render them operational.
The “High Impact High Complexity” quadrant contains Mechanisms 5, 6, 7, and 8: adopt a hectare, increase entrance fees, payment for water use, and establishment of a trust fund. These mechanisms are both promising and uncertain sources of income. In general, they require detailed studies to clarify their financial viability and collateral aspects, such as the need for legal reform and the identification of necessary abilities, among others. Mechanisms that fall within this quadrant are usually implemented in the medium and long term.
Mechanisms located in the “Low Impact High Complexity” quadrant are a low priority. Generally, they require the investment of resources and the success of their implementation is uncertain. It is not recommended that detailed viability studies be carried out for these mechanisms.
The result of the pre-selection is a clear mapping of the most promising financial mechanisms. This makes it possible to eliminate options that do not contribute
significantly to the financial sustainability of the area, given their low impact and/or high complexity. It should be stressed that ranking financial mechanisms (in terms of complexity and impact) depends on each country’s context.
如果用定性数据的收集方法来做的话，这种财政机制预选方法会更为有效。数据收集的方法包括：采访主要工作人员、举办研讨会、组织重点小组和审查已做过的报告和研究等等。应用的方法应符合当地或那个国家的情况。
图4展示一个应用影响-复杂性分析方法，去分析一套为支持一个保护地可持续性而拟定的财政机制的实例。在例子中，通过对这一地区必须提供的可能的产品和服务（比如徒步旅行，景观价值以及水资源等等）以及潜在的客户(例如游客，电影制作商以及水厂)等的初步探索，列出了以下八种机制。
从图上可见，收集多余零钱的机制是设在“低影响-低复杂性” 象限上的。执行这一机制，可能只需硬币收集箱和一个标志，来呼吁游客留下他们的多余零钱作为对生物多样性保护的贡献。一般情况下，属于这一象限的机制称为“快速结果”，这并不需要深刻分析，而且投资少，同时还可以由保护地工作人员用一种比较简单的方式来实施。这些都是短期实施机制。不过应当指出的是，实施的时间需要取决于在每一个保护地里有效的法律休体制。
机制2、3、4为纪念品的出售、志愿者计划以及在餐馆和酒店的帐户上自愿捐助。其位于“高影响-低复杂性”象限，表明其实施应为高度优先。一般说来，位于这个象限的机制需要一个良好的协调以及与其他利益相关者建立良好的关系来促进执行。因此，可以在短中期实施这些机制。尽管在某些情况下有必要收集一些特别的信息以帮助分析，但通常不需要做详尽的研究，不过，这需要具体的行动计划以确保其可操作性。
“高影响-高复杂性”象限包括机制5、6、7、8，即划出一公顷土地，增加门票费，水资源有偿使用并建立一个信托基金。这些机制都很有希望，但收入来源不稳定。一般情况下，这些机制需要做详细的研究，阐明其财政的可行性和其他有关方面的情况，比如法律改革的需要和必要能力的确认等等。属于这个象限的机制通常在中长期实施。
位于“低影响-高复杂性”机制的象限为低优先。一般来说，他们需要资源的投入但成功并不确定。建议不必对这些机制进行详细的可行性研究。
预选的结果是一个清晰而最有希望的财政机制图。这样就可以排除对这一地区财政可持续性没有明显贡献的低影响-高复杂性机制。应该强调，财政机制排序 (根据复杂性和影响力)取决于每个国家的实际情况。
